For centuries, humanity has been using the power of falling water in various mechanical devices, including to generate electrical energy. Hydroelectric power stations built on some rivers have been operating continuously for decades. Apparently, this is why most people deny even the possibility of the existence or creation of a fundamentally new energy source “from water”.
From a layman's point of view, the conversion of the potential energy of water into kinetic energy (necessary for something to rotate) occurs by itself. To do this, it is enough to use the natural difference in river heights or artificially create it where possible. At the same time, it is clear to everyone that water must flow downwards, that is, along a slope. It is also clear that the strength of the water depends on the difference in height of the flow. For a long time there has been a whole science of “hydroenergy” about using the energy of falling water.
However, Nature has given us in falling water not only a source of free energy, but also the simplest way to convert natural gravitational energy. Indeed, from the point of view of physics, the potential energy of water is the gravitational energy accumulated in it. This method is primarily a physical phenomenon. If so, then we should remember that in the mirror-symmetrical world around us, every physical phenomenon exists, as it were, in two mutually opposite forms.
Back in 1775, an article by Joseph Whitehurst appeared in one of the English magazines describing a device invented and made by him in 1772. The device made it possible to lift water from a small height to a significant one without supplying any additional energy, only through the use of the potential energy of water. Due to the so-called “hydraulic hammer” phenomenon. But the device could not then work completely automatically. This drawback was eliminated in 1776 by the inventor of the hot air balloon, the Frenchman J.Montgolfier. In 1797 he received a patent for the invention. Interestingly, in the same year M.Bulton received a patent for a similar device in England. In 1809, inventors Cerneay and S. Hallet received a similar patent in America. And already in 1834, the American H. Strawbridge launched an industrial version of such a device into mass production. However, it is currently believed that the invention made by the Frenchman J. Montgolfier is a device that later received the name “hydraulic ram”.
The hydraulic ram (Fig. 1) consists of a feed tank with water 1, a discharge pipe 2, an impact valve 3, a discharge valve 5, an air cap 4 and a discharge pipe 6.
(Fig.1) Schematic diagram of a hydraulic ram
Its operation occurs as follows: water from the feed tank 1 flows through the discharge pipe 2 to the open shock valve 3 and, under pressure h, flows out at an increasing speed. At a certain water speed, the pressure on the shock valve exceeds the force holding the valve open (for example, the force of a spring), closes it and blocks the water from exiting out. There is a sudden stop of moving water and a so-called “hydraulic hammer”. In the space of the discharge pipe from the shock valve 3 to the discharge valve 5, the water pressure almost instantly rises to a value corresponding to the pressure H. As a result, the discharge valve opens. However, water spends only part of its speed to increase pressure. And with the remaining speed, it enters the air cap 4 through the valve that opens at the same time. The wave of “hydraulic shock” arising from valve 3, after some time of movement along pipe 2, reaches tank 1 and, reflected there from undisturbed water, begins to move again to the shock and discharge valve, reducing the speed. Several such reflections occur. During numerous reflections of the wave, the remaining volume of air in the air cap is compressed to a pressure corresponding to the pressure H. In turn, water from the cap under the same pressure through the outlet pipe 6 flows to a height H to the consumer. Due to such reflections, the initial velocity of water in the supply pipe after some time is completely spent on maintaining increased pressure in the pipe. After which the water pressure under the valves drops slightly below atmospheric pressure. As a result, the existing high pressure in the air cap closes the discharge valve, and the low pressure under the impact valve and the opening mechanism (for example, a compressed spring) allows the impact valve to open. So the whole circuit automatically returns to its original state. The process is repeated again. As a result, with a certain culture of manufacturing parts, water can rise to the design height H automatically continuously for many years. The moving parts of the ram - two valves, are designed so that an increase in pressure in the supply pipe closes the shock valve and opens the pressure valve, and a decrease in pressure acts in the opposite order. In this case, the whole point of the device’s operation is that it raises a volume of water qH to a height H, using the energy of a volume of water q located at a height h.
With its originality and simplicity of operation, the “hydraulic ram” greatly attracted theoreticians and practitioners for some time. During the 19th century, many theoretical studies of the “hydraulic ram” were carried out, but until the end of 1900 they all rested on the unknown theory of “hydraulic hammer” in pipes and therefore did not give correct results. Back in 1804, Eitelvein (Germany) conducted more than 1000 experiments and published a number of empirical conclusions and formulas, most of which, as it turned out even then, were not suitable for design. Although the fact of the existence of the “water hammer” phenomenon was known back in the 18th century, the theory of this phenomenon was first developed by the Russian scientist Nikolai Zhukovsky. Professor Zhukovsky tested and confirmed his theoretical conclusions with special experiments in 1897-1898. In 1898, his theory was first published in the Bulletins of the Polytechnic Society.
In 1901, the Italian engineer Alievi published almost the same theory
“hydraulic hammer”, but in relation to pipelines of various power plants. However, experiments conducted by Zhukovsky himself and, later, by other researchers in different countries, completely confirmed the correctness of the main provisions of his theory. But even after its publication, it did not receive wide coverage and recognition. From year to year, researchers and enthusiasts of the “hydraulic ram” continued to conduct experiments and find various non-generalized empirical formulas for their purposes. In America, Australia and a number of other Western countries, the “hydraulic ram”, as a device capable of pumping water to a height for free, was developed in land reclamation and for various domestic needs under the name “ram-pump”. In these countries, there are still several dozen small companies specializing in the production and sale of ram-pumps. Many of them use exclusively their own formulas when installing their mechanisms. On the Internet, through various search engines, when entering the words “hydraulic ram” or “ram-pump”, you can find not only such companies, but also a large number of publications on this topic.
You can depict it a little differently:
Rice. 1. Diagram of a hydraulic ram and its operating principle
A simple and ingenious mechanism - a hydraulic ram, without requiring an energy source and without an engine, lifts water to a height of several tens of meters. It can operate continuously for months without supervision, adjustment or maintenance, supplying water to a small village or farm.
The operation of a hydraulic ram is based on the so-called water hammer - a sharp increase in pressure in the pipeline when the flow of water is instantly blocked by a valve. A surge of pressure can rupture the walls of the pipe, and to avoid this, taps and valves shut off the flow gradually.
The hydraulic ram works as follows (Fig. 1). From reservoir 1, water flows through pipe 2 into the device and flows out through baffle valve 3. Speed. flow increases, its pressure increases and reaches a value exceeding the weight of the valve. The valve instantly blocks the flow, and the pressure in the pipeline rises sharply - a water hammer occurs. The increased pressure opens the pressure valve 4, through which water enters the pressure cap 5, compressing the air in it. The pressure in the pipeline drops, the pressure valve closes, the pressure valve opens, and the cycle repeats again. The air compressed in the cap drives water through pipe b into the upper reservoir 7 to a height of 10-15 meters.
The first hydraulic ram was built in the city of Saint-Cloud near Paris by brothers Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier in 1796, 13 years after their famous hot air balloon. The theory of a hydraulic ram was created in 1908 by Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky. His work made it possible to improve the design of this device and increase its efficiency.
HYDROTRAM WITH YOUR HANDS
The hydraulic ram is so simple that you can easily make it yourself, almost entirely assembling it from ready-made parts used in water supply networks. Missing parts require simple turning and welding.
Rice. 2. Details of the hydraulic ram design.
The main element of the device (Fig. 2) is a steel or cast iron tee 1 (or even better, a cross connection, then the fourth, lower hole is closed with a threaded plug) with an internal thread of 1 1/2 - 2 inches. Adapter nipples (“barrels”) 2 with long external threads are screwed into the tee. A supply pipeline with a diameter of at least 50 mm and a length of no more than 20 meters is connected to one outlet. To the second
Connect the elbow (angle) 3 so that when installing the ram, its free end is horizontal: a baffle valve will be mounted on it. A pressure cap with a valve is mounted on the third nipple. Before assembly, all threaded connections are cleaned with a wire brush to remove dirt and rust and wrapped in tow.
Pressure cap 4 is made from a piece of metal or plastic pipe with a diameter of 15-20 centimeters. Its volume should be approximately equal to the volume of the supply pipeline. The ends of the pipe are closed with a lid 5 and an adapter flange 6 with rubber gaskets 7 and 7a (ring). The cap is tightened with steel pins 8.
The pressure valve can be a check valve produced for water pumps by the Italian company Bugatti (with an external thread of 1 1/2 inches) and the German company Zenner (with a diameter of 15 to 40 mm) - they are sold in plumbing supply stores, homemade valve - a petal made from a piece of sheet rubber or a drain valve from a toilet tank. The design of the valve will determine the size and shape of the adapter flange, the location and method of attaching the 9 1/2 inch diameter pressure pipe. Design options are shown in the figure.
The rebound valve is assembled from two parts: body 10a and damper 106. The body is machined from steel or bronze. A hole with a diameter of 15 - 20 mm is drilled in its upper part. The internal cavity ends in a cone with an angle of about 45°. The valve body is screwed onto the fitting of nipple 2. The steel or bronze valve has the shape of a double truncated cone with a diameter of 20-25 mm and a weight of 100-150 g. The upper cone of the valve must have the same angle as the body cavity: only then will the valve be able to instantly shut off the flow , creating a hydraulic shock. Three centering spokes are screwed into the upper part of the damper so that they fit tightly, but without friction, into the upper hole of the housing. A screw is screwed into the bottom one. The hydraulic ram is adjusted by changing the mass of the damper.
To do this, put lead washers on the bottom screw. To start the hydraulic ram, simply lift the damper, allowing water to flow freely through the baffle valve.
The inlet of the supply pipeline must be equipped with a simple filter that protects the hydraulic ram from dirt, and a valve that shuts off the water for the winter. To drain water from the ram body and cap, a spoke is inserted through the lower hole, opening the pressure valve with it. The hydraulic ram can be installed permanently or made removable by providing a drainage channel for water flowing from the breaker valve.
The performance of a hydraulic ram can be roughly estimated from the table. It relates the ratio of the mass of water (m) raised by the hydraulic ram to the mass of water (M) coming from the reservoir, and the ratio of the height of the rise of water h to the height H of its fall to the hydraulic ram.
m/M 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01
h/N 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 15 18
Let, for example, let M = 12 l/min of water flow to the hydraulic ram from a height of H = 1.5 meters. Let's see how much water he can lift to a height of 9 meters. The ratio h/H = 9/1.5 = 6 in the table corresponds to the value h/M = 0.1. This means that the hydraulic ram must every minute supply a mass of water m = 0.1-M = 0.1-12 = 1.2 liters to a height of 9 meters. This is not much, but in a day the automatic device will pump over one and a half tons of water, an amount sufficient to water a garden or vegetable garden of a considerable area.
SOURCE OF INVENTION - THEORY OF HYDRORAM
Let's imagine a pipe connected to the base of a water tank, closed on both sides, which has a solid bottom on one side, and on the other (where the water tank is) a thin-walled membrane is installed to hold back the water. At a certain water pressure, the membrane breaks through, and a flow of water rushes into the pipe from the reservoir at an increasing speed. If there is no air in the pipe (or is somehow freely displaced by water), then when the water flow reaches the bottom of the pipe (or a significant narrowing at the end of the pipe), the same phenomenon of “water hammer” will occur.
Just as in a “hydraulic ram”, if there is a valve at the bottom of the pipe that opens at a certain pressure, the “hydraulic hammer” process will begin to provide the same pumping. A “shock wave” with a zone of increased pressure will go towards the water flow, stretching the pipe walls with excess pressure and thereby ensuring the flow of water through the discharge valve. Having reflected from the water in the tank, the “shock wave” will move back - to the bottom of the pipe. When the “shock wave” moves towards the discharge valve, just as in the “hydraulic ram”, a decrease in static pressure will be observed in the area from the pipe inlet to the front of the “shock wave”.
This movement (with a periodic increase and decrease in pressure) will be repeated many times until the column of water in the pipe exhausts its kinetic energy. In this case, over a certain time, a certain amount of water will enter the cap 4. The same process will occur if, instead of a membrane at the entrance to the pipe, an opening valve 3 is installed, as shown in Fig. 2.
(Fig.2) Schematic diagram of the new water-lifting device
However, if this valve is made “reverse” (that is, closing from the side of pipe 7), upon contact with the first “shock wave” moving
towards the flow of water and creating a zone of increased pressure behind it, it will tend to close (from the action of the pressure difference). At the same time, it will begin to block the water flow flowing through it. Our study of such a hydrodynamic scheme, an introduction to the theory of the mechanism for opening and closing valves taking into account their inertia, shows that with a certain valve design 3 and certain initial parameters, the valve will not only have time to close
from the first wave, but will remain closed as long as there is excess pressure in pipe 7 under the discharge valve 5. As a result, conditions may arise when the valve completely cuts off the water flow for some time. In this case, the cut-off column of water in pipe 7, having gained a certain speed, must continue its movement into the cap 4 by inertia. Thus, the pressure force for pumping water into the bell can be replaced by an equivalent inertial force. However, unlike
“hydraulic ram”, each portion of water pumped into the cap must cause irreparable mass loss of the entire water column (since valve 3 is closed). As a result, in pipe 7, on the side of closed valve 3, from the moment the first “shock wave” reflected from it begins to move, a vacuum zone with a pressure close to zero should appear. It can contain only a small part of the gases dissolved in water.
So, as a result of pumping water into the bell, the difference between the initial and final kinetic energy will turn into the potential energy of the water entering the bell (as in a “hydraulic ram”). In this case, the excess pressure in the cap should lock the discharge valve, and the almost complete absence of pressure in pipe 7 when the water column is destroyed (if there is one left in the pipe), valve 3, which is under the static pressure of water from pipe 2, should open. Through the opening valve 3, water will again begin to flow into pipe 7, the volume of which during the time of entry will be exactly equal to the volume of the “zero” pressure zone or, as they say in fluid dynamics, the “separation” zone. In this case, the parameters of the water in the pipe during mixing will be determined by the corresponding laws of conservation of energy and momentum.
HYDROJET PROPULSION AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING ELECTRICITY
As a result of the mathematical description of this scheme, taking into account various features of the injection mechanism, all time characteristics, the mechanism for changing pressure in the cap, as well as various losses, features of the horizontal and vertical scheme of water inflow, a fairly complete theory of such a hydrodynamic scheme and a method for calculating the parameters necessary for design. And as a result of the design search, the required design of valve 3 was found. This hydrodynamic scheme can, of course, be used in the conditions in which a “hydraulic ram” operates. True, this results in a loss in pressure. However, there are no obstacles to the operation of such a water-lifting device without nutrient tank 1. To do this, it is enough to immerse it in water, as shown in Fig. 3, to a certain depth h. In this design, the circuit turns into an ideal low-pressure pump, which can only be used to lift water, for example, in seawater desalination plants. The obtained mathematical dependencies show that for any initial parameters it always turns out that 2 > H/h > 1. Moreover, for the initial parameters there are certain criteria that determine the conditions for automatic repetition of the process. In particular, one of the necessary conditions is the exact correspondence of the masses of valves 3 and 5 (discharge) to the process parameters. In addition, both the calculated volume in the cap for the air cushion and a certain cross-sectional area of the outlet from the cap (for water drainage) must be structurally fulfilled.
It should be noted that from an energy point of view, this circuit consumes more energy to operate than the useful energy it produces. If you imagine the efficiency circuit in the form of the usual Rankine formula (as the ratio of the potential energy of water pumped into the bell to the potential energy of all the water entering pipe 7 before injection), then the efficiency It always turns out to be less than 100%.
(Fig. 3) Diagram of a new low-pressure pump 
(Fig.4) Diagram of a new energy source
However, the greatest prospects open up when using this scheme if there is no outlet pipe at all. Or in the case when at the exit from the bell at a depth hе?h there is a section of pipe 6 of small length with a cross-section equal to the cross-section of the outlet hole in the bell, like this
presented in Fig.4.
In both cases, as the obtained dependencies show, for a certain volume of the air cushion in the cap and for a certain cross-sectional area of the outlet, the theoretical dependence of the pressure (pressure) in the cap on time will look as shown in Fig. 5. In this case, the time of pressure rise (tw) and its fall (tu) is less than 0.1tH. Moreover, during the period ty<
tH происходит открытие
valve 3, water acceleration and energy storage. The pressure with an error of less than 0.5% over time tH is almost constant. Thus, at the exit from the nozzle, once during the time tH, a stream of water should be periodically formed, characterized by water flow at a certain speed VT.
(Fig.5) Theoretical dependence of pressure on time
In this case, the average water flow rate over time tH can significantly exceed the value obtained in the “hydraulic ram”, and the flowing stream of water, according to the law of conservation of system momentum, is obliged to create a reactive force (since valve 3 is closed). Thus, this scheme turns into an ideal pulsating hydrojet propulsion device. Its effectiveness, in the absence of force for a time ty, as for any pulsating system, will be determined by the total force impulse over time. This is equivalent to the constant action of some (slightly smaller in magnitude) average resultant reactive force RTcp. In addition, such a stream of water itself, during a time tH, is capable of producing a certain amount of work. This allows a hydraulic turbine with a series-connected electric generator to be installed at the outlet of the bell. As a result, the described circuit turns into a source of electric current.
In this case, the electric generator must be located in a sealed container, or on the surface of the water, having a connection with the hydraulic turbine through some kind of rotating shaft. Since a relatively short period of time ty will only affect the time it takes for the hydraulic turbine and electric generator to reach a given angular velocity, the resulting electrical power is determined only by the efficiency. hydroelectric unit.
Energy opportunities
(Fig.6) Dependence of thrust on depth
(Fig.7) Dependence of power on depth
It follows that at depths of ~450-650 meters there is a certain maximum. Moreover, in the range from 15 to 300 meters, the calculated efficiency value is does not exceed 69%.
As you can see, this circuit can theoretically provide any jet thrust and any electrical power. To do this, it is sufficient to use an accelerator and discharge pipe of a certain length and inlet cross-sectional area. For example, with the entrance area
cross section equal to 3.6 m? at a depth of 500 m, the calculated average thrust is ~380 t, and the possible generated electrical power is ~110 MW. However, as it turned out, it is possible to produce such a circuit, due to the lack of the required production technology (as well as materials with the required properties), only for depths h > 15 meters.
For a depth h > 15 meters, the reactive force can be used to propel any type of underwater vehicle, and the expected electrical power makes it possible to create power plants of any industrial capacity in the generating industry. In the latter case, it is advisable not to increase the area of the inlet section of the pipes, but to create a basic
energy module for optimal electrical power. In this case, an underwater sea or basin hydroelectric power station of the required power should be composed of a package of such modules. The base module can be horizontal or vertical. The vertical location of the module simplifies its use in places where there are no large water resources, as it allows you to use less water. However, a vertical module with the same power requires a slightly greater depth.
As an example, Fig. 8 shows a layout diagram of a horizontal module consisting of a new water-lifting device 1, a hydraulic turbine 2 and a generator 3. Fig. 9 shows a layout diagram of a vertical module consisting of a water-lifting device 6, a hydraulic turbine 5, an electric generator 4.
(Fig.8) Horizontal module diagram
(Fig.9) Vertical module in underground tank
In this case, the vertical module can, for example, simply be suspended in an underground reservoir 1 with water on a cable 3. It is also important that under a certain operating mode, the new water-lifting device, just like a “hydraulic ram,” is capable of heating the water passing through it. Calculations show that, for example, a vertically located single module, in the absence of measures to cool the water, can already after 2 hours of operation heat the entire mass of water in an underground or above-ground reservoir to a temperature of +75C. Thus, this circuit turns not only into a source of electricity, but also at the same time, without any subsequent conversion of electricity, into a source of heat.
Practice is the criterion of truth
The results of theoretical calculations and the developed method for designing the device were confirmed by experimental studies. In 2003, we developed and manufactured in Spain an experimental small-sized semi-industrial energy module,
consisting of a horizontal design circuit, a hydraulic turbine and an electric generator. Its diving depth is ~50 meters. This module had a calculated electrical output power of ~97.4 kW. As the main parts (hood, pipes 2.7, etc.) of the circuit and pressure control devices in the hood, a set of design elements of a standard seawater desalinator presented in Fig. 10 was almost completely used
(Fig.10) Sea water desalination plant
(Fig.11) Hydroelectric generator
The volume of the hood, the size of the pipes, and the valve fittings were selected based on the conditions of their compatibility with minimal modification costs. A jet hydraulic turbine manufactured by the Dutch company Energi Teknikk, A/S, specially upgraded for an input pressure of ~33 meters, was used as a hydraulic turbine. The hydraulic turbine and electric generator assembly are shown in Fig. 11. A synchronous alternating current generator with a rated voltage of ~6.0 kV and a rated power of ~100 kW with automatic frequency and voltage control was used as an electric generator. For the load, ballast ohmic resistance from powerful wind power generators was used. All parts of this energy module, as well as pressure recording equipment in the bell, an independent power source for it, a hydraulic turbine and an electric generator were mounted in a sealed container, which had a flange connection in the front part for joining pipes, and a hatch in the upper part for the outlet of waste water. To access the valves (to ensure their manual adjustment), the container had additional sealed hatches. The design of this energy unit ensured the joining of accelerator and injection pipes of any length and, if necessary, their quick replacement. The appearance of the container with this energy module is shown in Fig. 12.
(Fig. 12) Container with electricity generating module
Test results
Tests are carried out by lowering this container on a cable from a ship to a specified depth in the Atlantic Ocean. Several series of tests were carried out. Representatives of three reputable companies in Spain were present at all tests as independent observers. As a result, a stable self-sustaining regime was obtained, and treatment
The oscillogram of the excess pressure in the bell gave averaged results, presented in Fig. 13. At the same time, the excess pressure in the bell turned out to be ~5.2% less than theoretical, the injection time was ~4.3% less, and the acceleration time before the process was restored was ~ more 5.2%.
(Fig.13) Pressure measurement results
At the same time, a direct measurement of the generated electrical voltage showed a voltage value of 5.8 ± 0.35 kV, and a direct measurement of the current - 15.96 ± 0.46 A. At the same time, the diagram of the resulting electrical voltage and current did not have a stepwise character. It fit o
the resulting electrical power was equal to 92.73±8.25 kW, which, according to the average value, is only ~ 4.8% less than the theoretical value.
Thus, a new water-lifting device, which is, in fact, a new converter
gravitational energy, is capable of generating any industrial amount of environmentally friendly and powerful electricity in a simple way, and is potentially capable of replacing (in terms of power) existing thermal and nuclear power plants.
CONCLUSIONS
Currently, the widespread introduction of this invention into the energy sector does not present any technical problems. At the same time, a detailed economic assessment shows that when developing and creating such energy modules and (on their basis)
power plants with a power of more than 100 mW, it is most advisable to use a scheme with a vertical module arrangement with a unit output power of ~500
kW. We have already created such an industrial module called “Underwater Electrical Converter of Gravitational Energy” in Spain. Its appearance on a comparative scale is shown in Fig. 14. A package of such power units for a power plant of any capacity will require a reservoir filled with water, with an area of no more than 5.5 m²/mW and a height of 21 meters. The layout of such a single module in an underground tank is shown in Fig. 15. The mass of the power unit when using an electric generator “IFC4-Siemens” (Germany) and a jet hydraulic turbine “PHY-500P” (Spain) specially created for these purposes with an output voltage of electric current equal to 6.3 kV is 6.2 tons. Output voltage - 6 .3 kV. Frequency - 50 Hz. Length - 8.1 m. Diameter of the supporting base 2 m.
(Fig.14) Vertical module 500 kW
(Fig.15) Vertical module 500 kW in underground tank
It is important that the specific cost of such a source of electricity is minimal (of all known energy generators).
The total costs of building a power plant with such a module will not exceed the cost of building an industrial wind generator. In conclusion, it should be noted that the results of theoretical and experimental studies allowed the authors of this article and the group of specialists who participated in the development of this invention to make several applications for European patents and obtain 2005 Eurasian patent.
And here’s what they think on offtopru about hydraulic rams in still waterSpoilerTarget">Spoiler
Perhaps I will try to explain the logic of the operation of the hydraulic ram of Marukhin and Kutienkov. I just ask you not to make unnecessary gestures.
So there is a pipe at the bottom of the reservoir. At one end there is a valve that opens inward, and the other end is bricked up. As you know, a standing wave can be created in any pipe. It is in such a pipe that a standing wave is created, as a result of which an oscillating pressure with an amplitude of +/-H is superimposed in the volume of the pipe on the water pressure at depth H.
But without a device for collecting water (a cap with air), the standing wave will quickly die out. A cap with water and an obligatory air bubble is connected to the main pipe at the point where there is an antinode of the standing wave. Then, when the pressure in this area reaches above a certain value, a small portion of water enters this cap, the air in the cap at this moment is compressed (without an air bubble, not a single hydraulic ram will work), since the increase in pressure is local in nature, but as the pressure decreases the valve (and this is a diode) is triggered and the water remains under the cap, from where, under the influence of air pressure in the cap, through the outlet tube and turbine, it again enters the reservoir (having managed to generate electricity), but in a different place. As a result, the water level in a reservoir, and even more so in the sea or ocean, remains unchanged.
But once the water has left the main pipe, it is replenished by the reservoir through the end valve (there are considerations that with a certain promotion of the circuit, this valve can be dispensed with, since a standing wave at such an open end will form not a node, but an antinode, but then you need to think how to organize the initial “drive” of water into the pipe) in the main pipe, this is ensured by the higher water pressure in the reservoir at this moment compared to the pressure in the pipe. This provides energy flow to the standing wave of the main pipe. Pressure fluctuations in this standing wave reach very large values; if measured in meters of water column, then from zero to 2H. Therefore, the fountain shoots to a height H above the water level in the reservoir (see PanEgor's material). Therefore, the thickness of the pipe must be large, otherwise it will burst.
But the process proceeds in such a way that you won’t understand it right away. But it is precisely through such relaxation oscillations that gravity allows us to excite a flow of water and receive 500 watts from an 8-meter long pipe. And this is ensured by the wisdom and Reason of a person who, from air, water and copper pipes, built a device for organizing water flow in the direction he needed.
A similar mechanism works in all wind instruments, only there the person himself compensates for the loss of air. In virtually any wind instrument, one end of the pipe is closed and the other is open. By blocking the holes on the pipe, you can create standing waves of one frequency or another. Any wind instrument is a power amplifier.
To check the operation of the Marukhin and Kutienkov hydraulic ram, it is necessary to place tensor sensors inside the pipe (along), but this is clear to me even without them. (
All his life, with his brilliant articles, he fought to strengthen the Russian state, bravely exposing corrupt officials, liberal democrats and revolutionaries, warning of the threat looming over the country. The Bolsheviks, who seized power in Russia, did not forgive him for this. Menshikov was shot in 1918 with extreme cruelty in front of his wife and six children.
Mikhail Osipovich was born on October 7, 1859 in Novorzhevo, Pskov province near Lake Valdai, in the family of a collegiate registrar. He graduated from the district school, after which he entered the Technical School of the Naval Department in Kronstadt. Then he participated in several long-distance sea voyages, the literary fruit of which was the first book of essays, “Around the Ports of Europe,” published in 1884. As a naval officer, Menshikov expressed the idea of connecting ships and airplanes, thereby predicting the appearance of aircraft carriers.
Feeling a calling to literary work and journalism, in 1892 Menshikov retired with the rank of captain. He got a job as a correspondent for the Nedelya newspaper, where he soon attracted attention with his talented articles. Then he became the leading publicist for the conservative newspaper Novoye Vremya, where he worked until the revolution.
In this newspaper he wrote his famous column “Letters to Neighbors,” which attracted the attention of the entire educated society of Russia. Some called Menshikov a “reactionary and Black Hundred” (and some still do). However, all this is malicious slander.
In 1911, in the article “Kneeling Russia,” Menshikov, exposing the machinations of the Western backstage against Russia, warned:
“If a huge fund is being raised in America with the goal of flooding Russia with murderers and terrorists, then our government should think about it. Is it possible that even today our state guard will not notice anything in time (as in 1905) and will not prevent trouble?”
The authorities did not take any measures in this regard at that time. What if they accepted? It is unlikely that Trotsky-Bronstein, the main organizer of the October Revolution, would have been able to come to Russia in 1917 with the money of the American banker Jacob Schiff!
Ideologist of national Russia
Menshikov was one of the leading conservative publicists, acting as an ideologist of Russian nationalism. He initiated the creation of the All-Russian National Union (VNS), for which he developed a program and charter. This organization, which had its own faction in the State Duma, included moderate-right elements of educated Russian society: professors, retired military officers, officials, publicists, clergy, and famous scientists. Most of them were sincere patriots, which many of them later proved not only by their struggle against the Bolsheviks, but also by their martyrdom...
Menshikov himself clearly foresaw the national catastrophe of 1917 and, like a true publicist, sounded the alarm, warned, and sought to prevent it. “Orthodoxy,” he wrote, “freed us from ancient savagery, autocracy freed us from anarchy, but the return before our eyes to savagery and anarchy proves that a new principle is needed to save the old ones. This is a nationality... Only nationalism is able to restore to us our lost piety and power.”
In the article “The End of the Century,” written in December 1900, Menshikov called on the Russian people to maintain their role as a nation-forming people:
“We Russians slept for a long time, lulled by our power and glory, but then one heavenly thunder struck after another, and we woke up and saw ourselves under siege - both from the outside and from the inside... We do not want someone else’s, but ours - Russian - land must be ours."
Menshikov saw the opportunity to avoid revolution in strengthening state power, in a consistent and firm national policy. Mikhail Osipovich was convinced that the people, in council with the monarch, should be governed by officials, and not by them. With the passion of a publicist, he showed the mortal danger of bureaucracy for Russia: “Our bureaucracy... has reduced the historical strength of the nation to nothing.”
The need for fundamental change
Menshikov maintained close relationships with the great Russian writers of that time. Gorky admitted in one of his letters that he loved Menshikov because he was his “enemy by heart,” and enemies “better to tell the truth.” For his part, Menshikov called Gorky’s “Song of the Falcon” “evil morality,” because, according to him, what saves the world is not the “madness of the brave” who bring about the uprising, but the “wisdom of the meek,” like Chekhov’s Linden Tree (“In the Ravine”).
There are 48 letters to him from Chekhov, who treated him with constant respect. Menshikov visited Tolstoy in Yasnaya, but at the same time criticized him in the article “Tolstoy and Power,” where he wrote that he was more dangerous for Russia than all the revolutionaries combined. Tolstoy answered him that while reading this article he experienced “one of the most desirable and dear feelings to me - not just goodwill, but straight love for you...”.
Menshikov was convinced that Russia needed radical changes in all areas of life without exception, this was the only way to save the country, but he had no illusions. “There are no people - that’s why Russia is dying!” – Mikhail Osipovich exclaimed in despair.
Until the end of his days, he gave merciless assessments of the complacent bureaucracy and the liberal intelligentsia: “In essence, you have long drunk away everything that is beautiful and great (below) and devoured (above). They unraveled the church, the aristocracy, and the intelligentsia.”
Menshikov believed that every nation must persistently fight for its national identity. “When it comes,” he wrote, “to the violation of the rights of a Jew, a Finn, a Pole, an Armenian, an indignant cry rises: everyone shouts about respect for such a sacred thing as nationality. But as soon as the Russians mention their nationality, their national values, indignant cries rise - misanthropy! Intolerance! Black Hundred violence! Gross tyranny!
The outstanding Russian philosopher Igor Shafarevich wrote: “Mikhail Osipovich Menshikov is one of a small number of insightful people who lived in that period of Russian history, which to others seemed (and still seems) cloudless. But sensitive people even then, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, saw the main root of the impending troubles that later befell Russia and which we are still experiencing (and it is not clear when they will end). Menshikov saw this fundamental vice of society, which carries with it the danger of future deep upheavals, in the weakening of the national consciousness of the Russian people...”
Portrait of a modern liberal
Many years ago, Menshikov energetically exposed those in Russia who, as today, reviled it, relying on the “democratic and civilized” West. “We,” Menshikov wrote, “do not take our eyes off the West, we are fascinated by it, we want to live just like that and no worse than how “decent” people live in Europe. Under the fear of the most sincere, acute suffering, under the weight of a felt urgency, we need to furnish ourselves with the same luxury that is available to Western society. We must wear the same clothes, sit on the same furniture, eat the same dishes, drink the same wines, see the same sights that Europeans see. In order to satisfy their increased needs, the educated stratum is making ever greater demands on the Russian people.
The intelligentsia and nobility do not want to understand that the high level of consumption in the West is associated with its exploitation of a large part of the rest of the world. No matter how hard Russian people work, they will not be able to achieve the level of income that the West receives by siphoning off unpaid resources and labor from other countries for their benefit...
The educated stratum demands extreme effort from the people in order to ensure a European level of consumption, and when this does not work out, it is indignant at the inertia and backwardness of the Russian people.”
Didn’t Menshikov, more than a hundred years ago, with his incredible insight, paint a portrait of the current Russophobic liberal “elite”?
Courage for honest work
Well, aren’t these words of an outstanding publicist addressed to us today? “The feeling of victory and victory,” Menshikov wrote, “the feeling of domination on one’s land was not at all suitable for bloody battles. Courage is needed for all honest work. Everything that is most precious in the fight against nature, everything that is brilliant in science, the arts, wisdom and faith of the people - everything is driven precisely by the heroism of the heart.
Every progress, every discovery is akin to revelation, and every perfection is a victory. Only a people accustomed to battles, imbued with the instinct of triumph over obstacles, is capable of anything great. If there is no sense of dominance among the people, there is no genius. Noble pride falls - and a person becomes a slave from a master.
We are captive to slavish, unworthy, morally insignificant influences, and it is precisely from here that our poverty and weakness, incomprehensible among a heroic people, arises.”
Wasn't it because of this weakness that Russia collapsed in 1917? Isn’t that why the mighty Soviet Union collapsed in 1991? Isn’t that the same danger that threatens us today if we give in to the global onslaught on Russia from the West?
Revenge of the revolutionaries
Those who undermined the foundations of the Russian Empire, and then seized power in it in February 1917, did not forget or forgive Menshikov for his position as a staunch statesman and fighter for the unity of the Russian people. The publicist was suspended from work at Novoye Vremya. Having lost their home and savings, which were soon confiscated by the Bolsheviks, the winter of 1917–1918. Menshikov spent time in Valdai, where he had a dacha.
In those bitter days, he wrote in his diary: “February 27, 12.III. 1918. Year of the Russian Great Revolution. We are still alive, thanks to the Creator. But we are robbed, ruined, deprived of work, expelled from our city and home, doomed to starvation. And tens of thousands of people were tortured and killed. And all of Russia was thrown into the abyss of shame and disaster unprecedented in history. It’s scary to think about what will happen next - that is, it would be scary if the brain weren’t already filled to the point of insensibility with impressions of violence and horror.”
In September 1918, Menshikov was arrested, and five days later he was shot. A note published in Izvestia said: “The emergency field headquarters in Valdai shot the famous Black Hundred publicist Menshikov. A monarchist conspiracy was uncovered, headed by Menshikov. An underground Black Hundred newspaper was published calling for the overthrow of Soviet power.”
There was not a word of truth in this message. There was no conspiracy and Menshikov no longer published any newspaper.
He was retaliated against for his previous position as a staunch Russian patriot. In a letter to his wife from prison, where he spent six days, Menshikov wrote that the security officers did not hide from him that this trial was an “act of revenge” for his articles published before the revolution.
The execution of the outstanding son of Russia took place on September 20, 1918 on the shore of Lake Valdai opposite the Iversky Monastery. His widow, Maria Vasilievna, who witnessed the execution with her children, later wrote in her memoirs: “Arriving in custody at the place of execution, the husband stood facing the Iversky Monastery, clearly visible from this place, knelt down and began to pray. The first volley was fired to intimidate, but this shot wounded the husband’s left arm near the hand. The bullet tore out a piece of meat. After this shot, the husband looked back. A new salvo followed. They shot me in the back. The husband fell to the ground. Now Davidson jumped up to him with a revolver and shot him point-blank twice in the left temple.<…>The children saw the shooting of their father and cried in horror.<…>Security officer Davidson, having shot him in the temple, said that he was doing it with great pleasure.”
Today, Menshikov’s grave, miraculously preserved, is located in the old city cemetery of the city of Valdai (Novgorod region), next to the Church of Peter and Paul. Only many years later did the relatives achieve the rehabilitation of the famous writer. In 1995, Novgorod writers, with the support of the Valdai public administration, unveiled a marble memorial plaque on Menshikov’s estate with the words: “Executed for his convictions.”
In connection with the anniversary of the publicist, the All-Russian Menshikov Readings were held at the St. Petersburg State Maritime Technical University. “In Russia there was and is no publicist equal to Menshikov,” emphasized Captain 1st Rank Reserve Mikhail Nenashev, Chairman of the All-Russian Fleet Support Movement, in his speech.
Vladimir Malyshev
A hydraulic ram (hydraulic ram) is a simple and ingenious mechanism that, without requiring an energy source and without an engine, raises water to a height of several tens of meters.
Description of hydraulic ram:
A hydraulic ram (hydraulic ram) is a simple and ingenious mechanism that, without requiring an energy source and without an engine, raises water to a height of several tens of meters.
It can work continuously for months without supervision, adjustment or maintenance, supplying water to a small eco-village, ancestral settlement, community or farm.
The operation of a hydraulic ram is based on the so-called water hammer - a sharp increase in pressure in the pipeline.
Operating principle of hydraulic ram:
The figure below shows a schematic diagram of a hydraulic ram.
- 1. Supply pipe
- 2. Blower valve
- 3. Pressure valve
- 4. Air cap
- 5. Pressure pipe
- 6. Water intake device
The supply pipe (1) is relatively long. The height of the water level at the point of its intake and at the place where the baffle valve is installed must be at least 0.5 m (the productivity and pressure height directly depend on the difference).
The hydraulic ram works as follows. When the baffle valve (2) is open, water moves through the supply pipe (1) and drains out. When a certain flow rate is reached, the water picks up the baffle valve (2) and accelerates its top movement. Valve (2) abruptly stops the flow of water. The front layers of water, resting against the valve (2), stop, while the remaining layers of the water column in the supply pipe (1) continue to move by inertia. As a result, there is a sharp increase in pressure in the area of the baffle valve (2), and the entire column of water in the pipe (1) stops. The process of increasing pressure in the pipe (1) is accompanied by elastic compression of water. After the water stops in the pipe (1), a reverse, reflected pressure wave appears towards the water intake device (6), leading to a decrease in pressure at the baffle valve (2), down to a vacuum. The knockout valve (2) opens and the process repeats. When the pressure in the area of the baffle valve (2) increases, water flows through the pressure valve (3) into the cavity of the air cap (4) or, in other words, the hydraulic accumulator. Next, the water, practically without pulsation, flows through the pressure pipeline (5) to its destination.
The described phenomenon, when an accelerated massive column of water in a long supply pipe (1) hits a suddenly closed baffle valve (2), is called water hammer.
Design of the Kachalych hydraulic ram:
- 1. Supply pipe
- 2. Blower and pressure valve bodies
- 3. Air cap
- 4. Pressure valve
- 5. Valve assembly
- 6. Mounting bracket
- 7. Blower valve
Advantages of hydraulic ram:
– long service life,
– easy to use and low maintenance,
– works without fuel, electricity, gas and manual power, saves finances in colossal amounts,
– can provide households with up to one million liters of water per year.
Application of hydraulic ram:
Hydrorams are installed on rivers, streams, waterfalls and springs, as well as on any accumulations of water where it is possible to install dam with a height difference from 0.5 meters.
Self-acting hydraulic ram pumps are not intended for wells, wells and lakes!
Technical characteristics of hydraulic rams “Kachalych”:
| PARAMETERS / MODEL | “Kachalych”GT-01-40/½″ | “Kachalych”GT-03-32/½" |
| Working height difference (m) | 1 - 8 | 0,5 - 3 |
| Recommended height difference (m) | 1,5 - 5 | 0,5 - 1,5 |
| Productivity, water rise (pressure) to a height of 15m, drop 1.5m (l/day) | 2000 | 1200 |
| Maximum pressure (at zero productivity), drop 1.5m (m) | 40 | 25 |
| Diameter of HDPE pressure pipe SDR 11 (mm) | 40 | 32 |
| Guaranteed service life | 2 years | 2 years |
| Service life (with recommended maintenance) | up to 20 years | up to 10 years |
| Peculiarities | - Greater strength and durability | - Low price with optimal performance |
| - Work in a wide range of elevation changes | - Good performance at low elevations |
Note: description of the technology using the example of the Kachalych hydraulic ram.
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Demand factor 11 248
The article will be of interest primarily to those who have suburban housing or are planning one. The heat doesn’t seem to want to come, today it has thawed a little, -16 at night, 0 during the day, but I really want to try it and that’s why we decided to test the hydraulic ram.
for those who are not in the know: a hydraulic ram is a device (pump) for raising water to a level significantly higher than the reservoir. Works without uh electricity
and without any physical effort. due to the energy of water. Denisdenisych popularly described earlier, more detailed information on the calculations can be found
My initial idea of a hydraulic ram was as something complicated, but now I can say that this is the simplest water pump that almost anyone can assemble. It took a little less than an hour to assemble our hydraulic ram, but this is the first one, the rest will take even less time.
For assembly we needed: PP pipe 40-50 cm, 90° angle - 1 piece, PP check valve - 2 pieces, PP tee 40x40x40 - 1 piece. coupling 32 mm (1.1/2) - 1 pc., coupling 40 mm, coupling 20 mm (3/4) - 1 pc., check valve 20 mm (3/4) - 1 pc., all PP spare parts have a diameter of 40 mm., (this was a mistake, it was necessary to take everything to 50mm) used fire extinguisher -OP8 - 1 pc., tee 40x20x40 - 1 pc., PVC sewer pipe 50ǿ - 21 meters. We went to the store, bought everything on the list, and within an hour the hydraulic ram was ready. The photo clearly shows where to attach which spare part. We remove the spring from the rebound valve and place it upside down; on the valve itself there is already a wonderful hole with a diameter of 6 mm for a pin on which we subsequently hang a load. The mistake in choosing the pipe diameter is that polypropylene (PP) is calculated by its outer diameter, and met. pipe on the inside, and therefore the working pipe in reality was 30mm, which significantly affected the performance; it was decided to make the next hydraulic ram from met. pipes with a diameter of 50mm.
I didn’t publish a new post, I posted everything together.
Here I present the completed work on a hydraulic ram, I have completely installed the system, the productivity is 1 cubic meter in 4 hours, which allows you to supply 4 areas with water, with storage tanks in two areas of 3 cubic meters each, on my small pool with 15 cubic meters. The hardest thing was to convince the neighbors not to use it right away, but to wait until all the containers were filled, because in reality no one uses more than a cubic meter per day. If anyone has any questions I will be happy to answer
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