Different types of companies. Concept, types and types of companies What are companies and their types

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ENTERPRISE, FIRM, THEIR PLURALISM

An enterprise is an economic unit (plant, factory, mine, mine, power plant, farm, transport organization, port, warehouse, store, financial institution, cultural and educational institution, hotel, stadium, etc.), which performs one or more specific functions for the creation and sale of material goods and services, as well as the formation of normal conditions for the implementation of economic processes. Enterprises are very diverse, which is associated with their place in the system of social division of labor, that is, with their functional purpose, determined by specialization and cooperative relations that develop between them.

A company is an individual or legal entity that owns one or more enterprises and organizes their activities. Most firms own one enterprise and manage its affairs. But there are many companies that own two or more enterprises. Often firms consist of hundreds or even thousands of small and medium-sized enterprises.

The market is unthinkable without economic independence and economic responsibility, that is, without the free play of economic interests of various subjects of economic life. It determines the variety of forms of their economic activity. Various forms of ownership and disposal on which economic activity is based are in a state of constant competition among themselves, as a result of which evolutionary economic selection occurs not only of the most capable agents of the reproductive process, but also of the most effective types of ownership relations, taking into account the specific conditions for investing resources in different spheres and phases of reproduction. In countries where the process of evolutionary economic selection was not interrupted by large-scale violent actions in the post-feudal period, an entrepreneurial structure of the economy has developed that generally complies with the needs and requirements of the economic laws of the social market economy and which is being improved along with it under the influence of social, cultural and political trends .

Before the industrial revolution of the 19th century, the result of which, as is known, was the establishment of the factory nature of production, the economy was dominated by relatively small capitalist enterprises and a mass of small commodity producers carrying out economic activities through their own labor. But the factory, as the third stage of the real socialization of the direct production process, which replaced simple cooperation and manufacture, led to a rapid increase in the concentration and centralization of capital, and consequently, the expansion and strengthening of the positions of large enterprises. Many of them could no longer function on the basis of the capital of an individual capitalist and required for their establishment either an advance of state funds (which was widely practiced, first of all, in relatively backward countries), or the consolidation of many individual capitals into one large-scale one through the creation of various economic companies, in including joint-stock companies (although joint-stock companies themselves as phenomena of economic life arose long before the 19th century).

In parallel with the process of strengthening the role of large-scale machine production, the formation of cooperation of small commodity producers is observed, striving, by combining their means and their labor in the credit, sales, supply and consumer spheres, as well as in the field of production, to resist the onslaught of big capital, which was characterized at that time by unbridled predation and actively monopolizing economic activity, especially in the industries producing consumer goods.

In the 20th century the economic importance of associated capital and cooperation of small-scale producers has increased even more. At the same time, the role of the state has significantly increased not only from the point of view of regulating the reproduction process from the perspective of tax, monetary, antimonopoly, scientific, technical, foreign economic and social policies, but also in terms of ownership of various production facilities, primarily in production and social infrastructures . As a result (especially after the Second World War), the public sector of the economy expanded significantly in market economies, not to mention in the Third World. Although in the 80s (we will dwell on this later) the process of privatization began, aimed at reducing the direct participation of state structures in production activities, nevertheless, their position in it is still large. Thus, at present, in developed countries, a pluralistic system of production relations has developed, which is characterized by large corporations dominating social reproduction, state enterprises, cooperatives, small individual capitalist firms, and a mass of small commodity producers. At the same time, certain changes are constantly taking place in this socio-economic structure of the national economy. In addition to privatization, such shifts include a certain increase in the economic role of small businesses, represented by small enterprises (especially in agriculture, retail trade and services), small capitalist firms, various kinds of partnerships and cooperatives. Despite the dominant position of large corporations, the share of small businesses in the late 80s amounted to more than 40% of GNP and about 60% of employment in the United States, and in Germany - 1/3 and 2/3, respectively.

Large-scale nationalization (“expropriation of expropriators”) and mass collectivization after the 1917 revolution established the dominance of state ownership in the USSR. Back in the late 80s, 90% of the means of production were in the hands of the state. Consequently, the vast majority of enterprises belonged to state-owned firms. Collective farm-cooperative firms also played an important role in the Soviet economy. Collective farms and consumer cooperation, based on the principle of indivisibility of funds between collective farmers and shareholders of consumer cooperation, owned the remaining 10% of the means of production. The economic independence of collective farm-cooperative firms was strictly limited by directive planning and centralized supply. Citizens' personal subsidiary plots contained only small means of production, although they played a significant role in supplying the population with certain agricultural products (vegetables, potatoes, meat and milk).

However, during the post-Soviet reforms, where privatization occupied a leading place, the situation changed radically. Individually private enterprises have appeared, and especially many so-called collective firms, which in Ukraine officially include enterprises of associated private ownership such as cooperatives, joint-stock companies and other business partnerships based on the principle of divisibility of funds (capital). The table shows what the dynamics of denationalization were in Ukraine in the 90s. 8.1.

Table 8.1. Number of objects that have changed their form of ownership in Ukraine

by economic sector*

Sectors of the economy	1992-2000	Including 2000
Total	71 877	5 247
Industry	7 203	234
Agriculture	3 202	134
Transport and communications	1 412	44
Construction	3 392	107
Trade and catering	31 805	1 901
Logistics and sales	1 212	40
Blanks	504	7
Department of Housing and Utilities	3 653	521
Household services	12 48!	628
Health, physical education and social security	699	183
Education	338	89
Culture and art	926	154
Science and scientific service	393	18
Other industries	4 657	1 187

* See: Statistical report of Ukraine for 2000 years. - K.: Tekhnika, 2001. - P. 305.

Firms that own a number of enterprises are a combination of three types:

1) horizontal;
2) vertical;
3) conglomerates.

This division is due to the difference between firms in terms of specialization and the possibility of intra-company cooperation of the enterprises united in them.

Associations of horizontal [from Greek. horizon - limiting] type include enterprises located at the same stage of production or circulation of a particular product. In other words, they include firms with enterprises of narrow and unidirectional specialization (for example, a shoe company consisting of a number of shoe enterprises).

Towards vertical associations [from lat. verticalis - vertical] type include firms that integrate enterprises that specialize in performing different, but technologically closely related business operations for production or sales. They are often called combines [from lat. combinatus - connected], because they connect into a technological chain a number of enterprises that consistently perform functions that they specialize in within the framework of intra-company cooperation (for example, a full-cycle metallurgical plant).

Conglomerates [from lat. conglomerate - crowded, accumulated] unite enterprises that are at different and technologically unrelated stages of production and sales. They often relate to various not only industries, but also spheres of the national economy (for example, a conglomerate can connect a coal mine, a machine-building enterprise and a hotel, etc.). Conglomerates do not have technologically sustainable intra-company relationships. But they may be more financially stable in an economic downturn than single-industry firms of horizontal and vertical types. After all, the economic crisis does not affect different areas to the same extent: some experience a significant drop in production, others less noticeable; Still others may not be affected at all, while others may even thrive. And conglomerates can offset the losses of some enterprises with the profits of others belonging to a different industry.

An industry is a group of firms engaged in the same or similar activities. The industry is sometimes difficult to identify, because, firstly, the same type of product is very diverse, produced in different ways using different resources, and secondly, firms are often multidisciplinary and create products, both the main range and by-products. However, with a certain convention, the sectoral division of the economy is necessary for the study of economic activity and its management.

Parameter name	Meaning
Article topic:	Types of companies.
Rubric (thematic category)	Production

Firm in a market economy.

Lectures No. 5. Firm in the system of market relations

Lecture outline:

1. Firm in a market economy

2. Types of companies

3. Joint-stock companies and features of their functioning

In market conditions, an enterprise—a firm—is a primary, independent subject of economic activity. Some own raw materials, others - means of production, others - capital, others - labor resources, and others - have the gift of entrepreneurship.

Firm - ϶ᴛᴏ institutional formation in a market economy, designed to coordinate the decisions of the owners of factors of production or production resources. Coles 1937 posed this question and tried to answer it. In a market economy, coordination between firms is carried out by the market based on the mechanism of supply and demand. The market forces action to achieve the benefit of the entire society. Market coordination does not cost society free, but requires certain transaction costs:

1. Costs of searching for information

2. Negotiations

3. Legal support, contract compliance and protection

Firms are cutting costs. When hiring a person for a job, an employment contract is concluded within the framework of a market economy, on the basis of market relations, but market relations do not operate within the company. The “invisible hand” of the market is being replaced by managerial leadership. Firms arise on the high cost of market relations, and administrative coordination within small and medium-sized firms turns out to be cheaper. Transaction costs also exist within the company - they are primarily associated with the requirement of forecasting, stimulation, control, and as the company grows, these costs increase very quickly. With very rapid growth of a company, the costs of creating a company exceed the profits. The optimal size of a firm is one in which transaction costs will be minimal. If this is not achieved, the company is too small, then administrative coordination is preferable to market coordination. Combine these firms until the optimal point is passed.

The size depends not only on coordination, but also on the owner of the company.

In this regard, all enterprises are divided into the following components:

1. Private commercial enterprises. The main goal is to make a profit.

2. Private non-profit enterprises. Enterprises that do not have profit as their main goal. Making a profit is a related goal. Enterprises do not have the right to distribute profits received among their managers, only for statutory activities. These are usually public organizations, religious, etc. Very often, such enterprises take the form of hospitals and recreation centers.

3. State enterprises. Can be both commercial and non-commercial. As a rule, the activities of such enterprises are determined by political decisions and not by the market. In a market economy, most goods and services are produced by private and commercial enterprises.

Private and commercial enterprises can take the following forms:

A) individual enterprise - created by a citizen without education as a legal entity. B) As a rule, such an entrepreneur is liable with all his property.

C) Full partnership - engaged in entrepreneurial activities and bear joint and several liability.

D) Command partnership is a partnership of faith. He is responsible for losses within the limits of his contribution.

D) Limited liability company - a company with a charter, which is divided into shares. The participants of the company are not liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses only within the value of their contributions. One of the safest entities of the enterprise.

E) Joint-stock company - the authorized capital is divided into shares and participants (shareholders) bear the risk of losses only within the limits of their contributions.

G) Production cooperative - an association of citizens to conduct economic activities based on their personal action on the pooling of their field contributions.

4. Mixed enterprises (public-private)

Types of companies. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Types of companies." 2017, 2018.

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FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

Department of Microeconomics

COURSE WORK

in the discipline Microeconomics

Topic: Concept, types and types of companies

Introduction

I. The concept of the company

II. Classification of enterprises

1. Classification of enterprises by legal forms

2. Classification of enterprises by organizational and economic forms

3. Classification of enterprises according to the degree of concentration of production and capital

4. Classification of firms by capital ownership and control. The concept of a joint venture

5. Classification of companies by field of activity

III.Entrepreneurship in Kazan

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Over the past decade and a half, the process of forming market relations has been intensively going on in Russia. Entrepreneurship contributes to this development. The firm is the main link in the market economy, because only with the help of firms does the intensive development and functioning of market relations occur. The behavior of a company in the market is of great importance not only for the employees of the company and the entrepreneur, but also for other groups of subjects. A necessary condition for economic agents to develop adequate decisions both at the micro and macro levels is to study the behavior of the company. The firm as an economic phenomenon organizes and integrates the economy at the micro level. The totality of firms determines the effectiveness of the regional, national and global economy as a whole. The company always stands at the center of the market economy, and its functioning directly affects market relations.

The objectives of this work are to review the concept of a firm as the main subject of economic relations, and to study various classifications of enterprises in order to have an idea of the existing models of management and organization of firms.

Since the modern economy is a fairly dynamically developing and evolving mechanism, when considering a company as a subject of the modern economy, it is advisable to rely not only on theoretical research, but also on articles on this topic regularly published in periodicals. In this work, along with calculations from a number of textbooks and monographs, information from the most widespread economic journals in Russia is used.

The first chapter is devoted to the consideration of the company as the main economic entity. The second chapter examines the currently existing classifications of enterprises according to various criteria. In the third chapter, I analyzed entrepreneurship in Kazan.

I. The concept of the company

The main economic entities that concentrate most of their own capital in their ownership are firms in various organizational and legal forms.

A company is understood as any organizational and economic unit that carries out business activities in the field of trade, transport, construction, industry, which pursues commercial goals and enjoys the rights of a legal entity. Each company, as an organizational and economic unit, includes one or more enterprises that specialize in specific types of activities (in the production of goods and services), and functional units that carry out management activities.

An enterprise is understood as a production and economic unit, which is a set of human and material resources, organized in a certain way to achieve specific goals. In the legislation of most Western countries, an enterprise is not considered an independent subject of law; it is not recognized as an economic entity that has separate property, its own balance sheets and which enjoys the rights of a legal entity. An enterprise is considered as a certain property complex, which includes intangible and tangible elements that are the object of law. This right belongs to the entrepreneur who manages the property. Therefore, the entrepreneur is fully responsible for the debts and becomes a creditor for the obligations of the enterprise. The property of the enterprise, like the personal property of the entrepreneur, is fully used to satisfy the claims of creditors. If an entrepreneur is declared insolvent, all his property goes to pay off the debt.

The enterprise carries out the technological production process - transformation of the material and technical production process - transformation of material, technical and human resources into products and services. A company may have one or many production enterprises, each of which specializes in the production of a product range assigned to it.

In Russia, a company is a general name that is used in relation to any economic, industrial, intermediary or trading enterprise. It indicates that this enterprise (or group of enterprises) is an independent business unit, i.e. has the rights of a legal entity, specified in the constituent documents.

In Russia there is a Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations (USRPO). USRPO is a unified system of state accounting and identification of business entities in the country.

II. Classification of enterprises

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Firm- a production cell, which is a group of enterprises or an enterprise, company, economic organization pursuing commercial goals in its activities.

There are 4 main types of companies:

1. INDIVIDUAL COMPANIES ( The simplest, oldest and most common form of economic organization is a firm owned by one person who bears full responsibility for the results of its activities and has the right to receive all profits).

The owner of the company manages it, manages it himself or hires a manager and has the right to all net profit, i.e. profit after taxes and other obligatory payments. But he also bears full responsibility for the losses.

How a company will act in the market, what its results will be depends not only on the size of the company (the amount of resources used), but also on who in the company makes decisions, what goals it pursues and what responsibility it bears. In this regard, all enterprises in a market economy can be divided into:

a) private commercial enterprises;

b) private non-profit enterprises;

c) state enterprises;

d) mixed (private-state) enterprises.

Private commercial enterprises(organizations) are firms that pursue profit as the main goal of their activities. The activities of such enterprises are determined by the market.

Private non-profit (non-profit) enterprises (organizations)– enterprises that do not pursue profit as the main goal of their activities. The latter does not mean that such enterprises cannot make a profit at all. They are created to satisfy some social needs, and their extraction of profit is interpreted by law, not as the main, but as an accompanying goal. At the same time, unlike commercial firms, non-profit enterprises do not have the right to distribute profits among their founders. Private non-profit enterprises are consumer cooperatives, public and religious organizations, charitable foundations, etc. Often, educational and medical institutions, recreation centers, etc. operate in the form of such enterprises.

State enterprises can be either commercial or non-commercial. Typically, the activities of such enterprises are determined by political decisions rather than by the market.

2.PARTNERSHIP ( A partnership is a company that belongs to several owners who invest their funds (shares) in it, receive profits and bear some degree of responsibility for losses).

There are three types of partnership:

1. General partnership Each member of which is responsible for the obligations of the company with his own property, regardless of the size of the share. General partnerships are primarily common among companies that provide legal, accounting, and other services.

2.Limited liability company (LLC) A partnership in which the personal property of the participants is inviolable, regardless of the financial condition of the company. Its owners in bankruptcy lose only the money that they invested in the capital of the company and are not responsible for its debts with property. This form of business organization involves less risk for participants than a general partnership. It has become widespread in the retail and service industries.

3.Limited partnership (limited partnership) A partnership, some of whose members bear full liability for the obligations of the company, and some - limited liability within the limits of their share. In it, along with the main participants (“general partners”), there are “non-principal” (“investors”), who bear limited liability in the amount of their share.

3.COOPERATIVES AND ARTELS ( They usually bring together small producers )

Cooperative-an economic enterprise based on joint activities and mutual assistance of members of the cooperative. The property of the cooperative is divided into shares, but members of the cooperative usually make their personal labor contribution to its activities. Cooperatives are especially common in rural areas. The cooperative belongs to all its members, each of whom has one vote at the meeting of shareholders, where all major issues are resolved. Income is distributed among shareholders based on who donated how much product to the cooperative. The main feature of cooperatives is that decisions are made on the basis of equal voting, regardless of the contribution of each participant to the common cause. The cooperative form is suitable for uniting participants with equal property and labor contributions.)

4. JOINT STOCK COMPANIES OR CORPORATIONS

Joint-Stock Company- a company owned by shareholders. The capital of a joint stock company is formed through the issue and sale of shares - special documents confirming that their owner is one of the owners of the company and has the right to receive part of its profits – dividend(part of the profit that is distributed annually to shareholders).

Thus, the owners of a corporation are all the owners of its shares (shareholders). Becoming a shareholder is simple: just buy at least one share of the corporation, and you will be included in the list of its owners. It is also easy to leave the shareholders: just sell your shares on the market. Each share gives its owner one vote at a meeting of shareholders, except for preferred shares. The owner of such a share does not have the right to vote. But he does not take risks because he is paid a constant amount of income each year, while the owner of a common stock risks along with the corporation: his dividend depends on its profits. When business is going well, the owner of a common stock receives more than the owner of a preferred stock, but when the company suffers losses, dividends are not paid on common shares, and the same income continues to be paid on preferred shares as before. The number of shares that gives the ability to manage a corporation is called a controlling interest. Controlling stake - the number of shares that gives the opportunity to manage a joint stock company. In addition to shares, joint stock companies issue and sell other securities - bonds(a security that is a debt obligation of a company or the State Treasury). A bond is something like a promissory note printed in large numbers. The owner of the bond is not the owner of the joint stock company and cannot take part in its management, but its creditor: he will receive his money even if the company makes no profit and does not pay dividends. If a company goes bankrupt and its assets are sold, bondholders and other creditors will be paid first, and stockholders will receive money last, and not necessarily. But the owner of the bond has nothing to do with the management of the corporation and cannot claim an amount greater than that indicated on the bond.

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ENTERPRISE, FIRM, THEIR PLURALISM