SNiP sewerage external networks and structures - requirements for the design and installation of the system. External water supply and drainage systems Arrangement of external sewerage

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When installing such systems, a sewage disposal truck will not be needed.

It’s better to save up a sufficient amount, install a treatment plant and no longer worry about the environment, the smell, or the reliability of the waste water disposal system.

External pipeline supplying sewage to receiving devices

Having collected all the wastewater from the kitchen, bathroom, laundry room, shower, bathhouse, and toilet through the internal piping system of the building, they must be discharged through external sewer networks to reception facilities for treatment.

For this purpose, external drainage networks are installed.

External sewerage (wastewater) networks in private areas are mostly made of plastic pipes, calculated according to the diameter during the implementation of the project.

For laying external networks, use special, most durable pipe products intended for external work, including fittings for them. Such pipes are painted orange or yellow-brown. Other colors of pipes are intended for internal laying of the drainage network.

Polypropylene corrugated pipes are considered particularly durable.

The pipeline is installed with a slope to the wastewater receiving system of 2-3 degrees, starting installation from the lowest point, that is, from a cesspool, septic tank or deep wastewater treatment plant.

To maintain the sewerage network route, it is mandatory to install inspection wells at each branch of the sewerage network, and on straight sections of the pipeline, wells are made in increments of 10-12 m.

In order for sewer networks to function normally for a long time and not require urgent alteration, which requires opening up the soil, all work must be carried out carefully according to a well-developed project in accordance with building codes and regulations (SNiP).

Nomenclature of used pipes and auxiliary elements of the water supply and sewerage network

For large-diameter main networks, steel, cast iron, asbestos-cement, ceramic and reinforced concrete pipes are used.

For local pipelines - steel, cast iron, ceramic and plastic.

In modern construction, plastic systems for transporting water and wastewater are most widespread in terms of price and quality ratio.

Their advantages over other types are:

• complete absence of such a parameter as corrosion;
• good resistance to the aggressive environment of sewage waste;
• pipe strength and ability to take on soil loads;
• unhindered passage of drains due to the smooth inner surface of the installed pipes;
• low weight of pipes and easy installation of the pipeline system;
• a large assortment and variety of polymers used for the production of pipes.

Pipelines made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Connections of such pipes are made using special tools.

Such connections are mounted “in a socket” or using a special “cold welding” adhesive.

PVC pipes are rigid, and if necessary, make turns, bends and other operations using special fittings - bends and tees.

They withstand the load well when planted in the ground.

In addition, they are quite affordable in price.

Pipeline using polypropylene pipes

Polypropylene pipes are available in single- and multi-layer types.

Single-layer pipes consist of a thick layer of polypropylene.

Multilayer pipe products consist of two layers of polypropylene, and between them there is a layer of aluminum foil.

Connections during installation are made using a fitting or by welding, using special welding machines for polymer pipelines.

High-pressure (LDPE) and low-pressure polyethylene pipes (LDPE)

These pipes have a very low operating temperature limit.

They are produced using two technologies using high and low pressure.

Polyethylene pipes are elastic and are transported in coils. Such pipes are good for making turns in the pipeline network.

They are connected to each other using fittings and welding operations.

Particularly durable and thermally resistant pipes made of cross-linked polyethylene.

Intersection of external and underground water supply and sewerage networks

In cases where it is necessary to intersect water supply and sewerage networks, such intersections are made at a right angle or close to it.

Steel water supply pipes are laid at the intersection with the sewerage system 0.4 m above the drainage network. When using cast iron pipes, it is necessary to use a steel casing. The length of the casing in either direction from the intersection is at least 5 m in clayey, heavy soils, and 10 meters in sandy and sandy loam soils.

Local sewer networks may be installed above networks providing water supply to buildings without casing, with a distance between the walls of the pipelines along the vertical axis of at least 0.5-0.7 m.

When laying water supply and sewerage networks in parallel at the same level, the distance between the walls of the laid pipes must be at least 1.5 m for a nominal diameter of a pipeline with a diameter of 200 mm inclusive, and at least 3 m for a nominal diameter of more than 200 mm.

When installing a water supply passing below drainage pipes, the above distances along the horizontal axis are increased by the difference in depth marks of the laid pipeline networks.

DEVELOPED by Soyuzvodokanalproekt (G.M. Mironchik - theme leader; D.A. Berdichevsky, A.E. Vysota, L.V. Yaroslavsky) with the participation of VNIIVODGEO, Donetsk PromstroyNIIproekt and NIIOSP named after. N.M. Gersevanov of the USSR State Construction Committee, Research Institute of Municipal Water Supply and Water Purification of the Academy of Public Utilities named after. K.D. Panfilova and Gipromunvodokanal of the Minzhilkomkhoz of the RSFSR, TsNIIEP of the engineering equipment of the state ghostan, the Mosvodokanalniy Project and the Mosinzhproekt of the Moscow City Executive Committee, the scientific and research and technological institute of the city householder and the Ukrkomunniye Problem of the Minzhilkomkhoz, the Minzhilkomkhoz of the Minzhilkomkhoz, the Institute of Miner, the Institute of Mechanics and the Seimachi resistance of structures named after M.T. Urazbaev Academy of Sciences of the UzSSR, Moscow Civil Engineering Institute named after. V.V. Kuibyshev of the USSR Ministry of Higher Education, Leningrad Civil Engineering Institute of the RSFSR Ministry of Higher Education.

AGREED BY the USSR Ministry of Health (letter dated 10.24.83 N 121-12/1502-14), USSR Ministry of Water Resources (letter dated 04.15.85 N 13-3-05/366), USSR Ministry of Fisheries (letter dated 04.26.85 N 30-11- 9).

With the entry into force of SNiP 2.04.03-85 "Sewerage. External networks and structures", SNiP II-32-74 "Sewerage. External networks and structures" loses its force.

Change No. 1 was introduced into SNiP 2.04.03-85 “Sewerage. External networks and structures”, approved by Decree of the USSR State Construction Committee of May 28, 1986 No. 70 and put into effect on July 1, 1986. Items, tables to which changes were made , are marked in these Building Codes with a sign (K).

These norms and rules must be observed when designing newly constructed and reconstructed external sewage systems for permanent purposes for populated areas and national economic facilities.

When developing sewerage projects, one must be guided by the “Fundamentals of water legislation of the USSR and Union Republics”, comply with the “Rules for the protection of surface waters from pollution by wastewater” and “Rules for the sanitary protection of coastal waters of the seas” of the USSR Ministry of Water Resources, the USSR Ministry of Fisheries and the USSR Ministry of Health, the requirements of the “Regulations on water protection and coastal strips of small rivers of the country" and "Instructions on the procedure for approval and issuance of permits for special water use" of the USSR Ministry of Water Resources, as well as instructions for other regulatory documents approved or agreed upon by the USSR State Construction Committee.

1.1. Sewage facilities should be designed on the basis of approved schemes for the development and location of sectors of the national economy and industry, schemes for the development and location of productive forces in economic regions and union republics, general, basin and territorial schemes for the integrated use and protection of water, schemes and projects for regional planning and city development and other settlements, master plans of industrial hubs.

When designing, it is necessary to consider the feasibility of cooperating sewage systems of objects regardless of their departmental affiliation, as well as take into account technical, economic and sanitary assessments of existing structures, provide for the possibility of their use and intensification of their work.

Sewerage projects for facilities must be developed, as a rule, simultaneously with water supply projects with a mandatory analysis of the balance of water consumption and wastewater disposal. At the same time, it is necessary to consider the possibility of using treated wastewater and rainwater for industrial water supply and irrigation.

1.2. The rainwater drainage system must ensure the purification of the most contaminated part of the surface runoff generated during the period of rainfall, melting snow and washing of road surfaces, i.e., at least 70% of the annual runoff for residential areas and enterprise sites that are close to them in terms of pollution, and the entire volume of runoff for enterprise sites, the territory of which may be contaminated with specific substances with toxic properties or a significant amount of organic substances.

1.3. The main technical decisions made in projects and the order of their implementation must be justified by comparing possible options. Technical and economic calculations should be performed for those options whose advantages and disadvantages cannot be established without calculations.

The optimal option should be determined by the lowest value of reduced costs, taking into account the reduction of labor costs, consumption of material resources, electricity and fuel, as well as based on sanitary, hygienic and fishery requirements.

1.4. When designing sewerage networks and structures, progressive technical solutions, mechanization of labor-intensive work, automation of technological processes and maximum industrialization of construction and installation work must be provided through the use of prefabricated structures, standard and standard products and parts manufactured in factories and procurement workshops.

1.6. When connecting sewer networks of industrial enterprises to the street or intra-block network of a settlement, outlets with control wells located outside the enterprises should be provided.

1.7. The conditions and places of release of treated wastewater and surface runoff into water bodies should be agreed upon with bodies regulating the use and protection of water, executive committees of local Soviets of People's Deputies, bodies exercising state sanitary supervision, protection of fish stocks, and other bodies in accordance with the legislation of the Union USSR and Union republics, and places of release into navigable reservoirs, watercourses and seas - also with the river fleet management bodies of the Union republics and the Ministry of the Navy.

1.8. When determining the reliability of the sewerage system and its individual elements, it is necessary to take into account technological, sanitary, hygienic and water protection requirements.

If interruptions in the operation of the sewerage system or its individual elements are unacceptable, measures must be taken to ensure the uninterrupted operation of their operation.

1.9. In the event of an accident or repair of one structure, the overload of other structures for this purpose should not exceed 8-17% of their calculated capacity without reducing the efficiency of wastewater treatment.

1.10. Sanitary protection zones from sewerage facilities to the boundaries of residential buildings, areas of public buildings and food industry enterprises, taking into account their future expansion, should be adopted:

From treatment facilities and industrial sewerage pumping stations not located on the territory of industrial enterprises, both for independent treatment and pumping of industrial wastewater, and for their joint treatment with household wastewater - in accordance with SN 245-71, the same as for production, from which wastewater is received, but not less than those indicated in Table 1.

Facilities	Sanitary protection zone, m, at the design capacity of structures, thousand m/day
	up to 0.2	St. 0.2 to 5	St. 5 to 50	St. 50 to 280
Mechanical and biological treatment facilities with sludge beds for digested sludge, as well as separately located sludge beds	150
Mechanical and biological treatment facilities with thermomechanical treatment of sludge in enclosed spaces
Filter fields
Agricultural irrigation fields
Biological ponds
Structures with circulation oxidation channels
Pumping stations
Notes: 1. Sanitary protection zones of sewerage structures with a capacity of over 280 thousand m/day, as well as in case of deviation from the accepted technology of wastewater treatment and sludge treatment, are established in agreement with the main sanitary and epidemiological departments of the ministries of health of the Union republics. 2. The sanitary protection zones indicated in Table 1 may be increased, but not more than 2 times if the residential development is located downwind of the treatment facilities, or reduced by no more than 25% if there is a favorable wind rose. 3. If there are no sludge beds on the territory of treatment facilities with a capacity of more than 0.2 thousand m/day, the size of the zone should be reduced by 30%. 4. The sanitary protection zone from filtration fields with an area of ​​up to 0.5 hectares and from mechanical and biological treatment facilities on biofilters with a capacity of up to 50 m3/day should be 100 m2. 5. The sanitary protection zone from underground filtration fields with a capacity of less than 15 m3/day should be 15 m3. 6. The sanitary protection zone from filter trenches and sand-gravel filters should be 25 m, from septic tanks and filter wells - 5 and 8 m, respectively, from aeration plants for complete oxidation with aerobic stabilization of sludge with a productivity of up to 700 m / day - 50 m. 7. The sanitary protection zone from drainage stations should be 300 m. 8. The sanitary protection zone from treatment facilities for surface water from residential areas should be 100 m, from pumping stations - 15 m, from treatment facilities of industrial enterprises - in agreement with the sanitary and epidemiological service authorities. 9. Sanitary protection zones from sludge reservoirs should be adopted depending on the composition and properties of the sludge in agreement with the sanitary and epidemiological service authorities.

2.1. When designing sewerage systems in populated areas, the calculated specific daily average (per year) drainage of domestic wastewater from residential buildings should be taken equal to the calculated specific daily average (per year) water consumption according to SNiP 2.04.02-84 without taking into account water consumption for watering territories and green spaces.

To avoid problems with the sewer system of a country house, when laying its street part it is necessary to comply with a number of sanitary and construction standards. Installation work can be entrusted to professionals or done by yourself. If the second option is chosen, then before you begin installing an external sewer system, you should familiarize yourself with the advice of experienced plumbers, otherwise correcting the mistakes made will result in a considerable waste of money and nerves.

The entire sewer system of a private house is divided into internal and external parts. The intra-house component ensures the collection of wastewater from plumbing fixtures and its supply to a single riser, which is connected to the street part of the drainage system.

General sewerage diagram for a private house

The main task of external sewerage networks is the transportation of wastewater to the disposal site and the disposal itself (in the case of an autonomous septic tank). They consist of pipelines and treatment facilities.

You can get rid of collected waste by:

• connections to a centralized system (if there is one);
• arrangement of an individual septic tank or cesspool.

In the first case, it is enough to lay pipes and equip a sewer well. And in the second, in addition to installing external sewer networks, you will need to install a local cleaning system.

Important! According to sanitary standards, wastewater must be disposed of in such a way that it does not pollute aquifers and the surrounding area. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in significant fines.

Scheme of connecting the cottage to the centralized sewer network

For a private home, one of four methods of individual wastewater treatment is suitable:

1. A cesspool is inexpensive, but not very convenient.
2. Septic tank storage tank - you will have to constantly invite sewer trucks.
3. A two-chamber septic tank with post-treatment - in the first chamber, heavy fractions settle, and in the second, purified water is discharged into the ground.
4. Biological treatment station – special microorganisms are used to decompose sewage.

The first option is the cheapest, and the last is the most expensive. But in any case, an external sewerage pipeline will have to be laid to them.

Design and selection of materials

Regulatory requirements

Before you begin installing an external sewer system yourself, you need to prepare its design. There are certain requirements for the laying of pipes and the location of the septic tank.

When developing a project you will have to take into account:

• relief of the local area;
• distance to drinking wells and reservoirs;
• general climatic conditions;
• number of people living in the cottage (average daily volume of wastewater);
• soil characteristics (composition, groundwater level, freezing depth);
• technical conditions for connecting to a centralized system or the need to organize access for sewage disposal equipment for pumping out sewage.

All these requirements are specified in the codes of practice “Sewerage. External networks..." (SP 32.13330.2012) and "Single-apartment residential houses..." (SP 55.13330.2011), which replaced the SNiPs of the same name.

When installing an autonomous cleaning system, you will not have to collect a bunch of permits and then pay for utilities. But you will constantly need to monitor the condition of your septic tank and, if necessary, call the sewers.

Important! The entire sewerage system of a private house is built on the principle of gravity flow of wastewater. Installation of horizontal sections of sewer pipes outside the cottage should be carried out with a slope towards the treatment system.

Optimal slope for street sewer pipes

A slight slope of the pipeline ensures gravity flow of sewage. Do not tilt it too much, this can lead to blockages of solid fractions at the entrance to the sump. The optimal slope largely depends on the diameter of the pipe:

1. D500 mm – slope 30 mm/linear meter.
2. D1000–1100 mm – slope 20 mm/linear meter.
3. D1600 mm – slope 8 mm/linear meter.

Errors made during the design and installation of external sewer networks will lead not only to constantly forming blockages, but also to the poisoning of drinking water sources with fecal waste. Therefore, it is so important to follow SNiPs at all stages of sewerage creation.

What kind of pipes are used for external mains?

When installing external sewerage, building regulations allow the use of pipes from:

• become;
• cast iron;
• asbestos cement;
• polymers;
• ceramics

Steel pipes are susceptible to corrosion and are rarely used. Cast iron is a classic, but due to its internal roughness, pipelines made from it are prone to silting. They are gradually being replaced by other materials.

Asbestos cement is cheap and non-corrosive, but is inferior in durability to high-quality plastic. Ceramic products have the greatest resource of strength and reliability, but they are also the most expensive. The optimal choice based on a combination of parameters is plastic.

Plastic pipes are easily connected using the joining method

Plastic pipes for external sewerage networks can be:

1. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
2. Polypropylene (PP).
3. Low pressure polyethylene (HDPE).

All of them are suitable for laying a sewer pipeline outside a private house. To install them, you can use special glue or cold welding technology. But it is much easier to select products with a socket at the end, and mount the main line by inserting one pipe into another.

Advice! PVC pipes may crack at temperatures below -15 C. They must be carefully insulated.

Technology for installing a house sewer network

In a private house, the installation of external sewerage usually begins after the walls and roof have been erected. To do this, a trench is dug to the septic tank, and pipes are laid there.

Limits of soil freezing depths in Russia

The depth of installation depends on the level of soil freezing on the plot. To prevent the sewer pipe from freezing, during installation it must be placed below the freezing point of the soil. It is different for each area.

In “cold” areas, instead of digging deep trenches, the sewer line is insulated. For this purpose, moisture-resistant insulation and/or heating cables are used.

Heating cable fastening technology

The laying of the external sewer network is as follows:

1. A trench is dug from the house to the septic tank, and a sand cushion 10–15 cm thick is compacted at its bottom.
2. The pipeline is laid with a slope away from the building.
3. The pipe is insulated and the heating cable is installed.
4. The trench is being backfilled.

Important! The sewer pipe laid in the trench should not have any sagging. Before backfilling, you must make sure of this, otherwise clogging will occur.

Often a pedestrian path or parking lot is built on top of a sewer pipe. In this case, the installation of external sewerage is carried out in a “case”. If mechanical load is periodically placed on the ground above the pipeline, the pipe must be protected. The figure below shows one of the options for such a case.

Sewer pipe in a case

The pipe (7) is wrapped with support rings (6), sealant (3 and 4) and closed with a case (5). At its ends, docking units are formed from clamps (1) and cuffs (2). Only such protection can guarantee the durability of the sewer pipeline.

And lastly, upon completion of installation work and before filling the pipeline with soil, it must be tested. A test run of water will allow you to check the tightness of the structure and correct installation.

Video: laying sewer pipes for a country house

The design and installation of external networks of the sewer system of a private house is strictly regulated by building codes. If these rules are grossly violated, both problems with the operation of the sewage system and negative impacts on nature are possible. Even a beginner can handle installation work. But when preparing a project, it is better to consult with a competent engineer.

The main element of any sewerage (wastewater) system, except for export, is the external sewer network.

An external sewer network is a system of pipes laid in the ground and wells on them, designed to collect one or more types of wastewater and divert them to places of treatment or discharge.

The external sewer network includes the yard and street networks, as well as a collector (general drainage pipeline).

The yard network receives wastewater from one building or group buildings within the same yard and discharges it into the street network.

The street network receives wastewater from yard networks and discharges it into a common collector pipeline.

Through the collector, wastewater flows to treatment facilities or to the point of release into a reservoir or onto the terrain.

Wells for various purposes are installed on the yard and street sewer networks, as well as on the collector, which ensure reliable operation of the external sewer network of the facility during its operation.

3.3.1. External sewer network diagrams

The design of the external sewer network must reflect the conditions for the removal of wastewater from all sewerage facilities, ensuring the minimum length of the network and the smallest depth of pipes.

Depending on the nature of the movement of wastewater through the pipes of the sewer network, it can have two schemes - gravity and pressure-gravity (gravity-pressure).

With a gravity sewer network, the movement of all types of wastewater from the entire territory of the sewer facility to the treatment plant or outlet occurs by gravity, due to the slope of the pipes.

In the pressure-gravity scheme of the sewer network, in some areas the movement of wastewater is carried out under the pressure created by pumping stations, in others - by gravity.

In each specific case, the flow pattern of wastewater in the external sewer network is determined based on the terrain and the requirement for the security of the sewer facility.

According to the design of the sewer street network and the collective in the plan, in relation to the drain (reservoir) into which treated wastewater is discharged, five schemes can be distinguished:

1. Perpendicular scheme, which involves laying the street network and collector perpendicular to the bank of the watercourse (reservoir) (Figure 13 a). This scheme is used when the terrain has a pronounced slope towards a watercourse (reservoir) for the removal of rain and unpolluted technical wastewater that does not require treatment.

2. Intersected scheme, in which the street network is laid perpendicularly, and the collector is laid parallel or at a certain angle to the bank of the watercourse (reservoir) (Figure 13 b). This scheme is used when it is necessary to treat all wastewater and there is a slight slope of the terrain towards the watercourse (reservoir). With a steep slope of the terrain, the use of a rugged scheme can lead to high speeds of wastewater movement in pipes, especially street networks, which is dangerous for their mechanical strength.

According to this scheme, a sewer network of a general sewerage system can be arranged, as well as for the disposal of domestic and contaminated technical wastewater of separate and incomplete separate sewerage systems.

Rice. 13. Schemes of the sewer network.

a-perpendicular; b-intersected; in-parallel; g-zone; d-radial.

The advantage of the crossed scheme is the possibility of draining wastewater by gravity with minimal deepening of pipes laid using the slope of the terrain.

3. A parallel scheme is in which the street sewer network is laid parallel to the shoreline of a watercourse (reservoir) or at a certain angle to it, and the collector is laid along the shore (Figure 13 c). The use of this scheme is advisable in the presence of large slopes of the terrain from the canalized object to the bank of the watercourse (reservoir). When using a parallel scheme in areas with small terrain slopes towards a reservoir (watercourse), a significant deepening of the collector or the construction of pumping stations on it will be required, which will increase the cost of the sewerage system as a whole. In these cases, it is necessary to lay the street sewer network and collector at an angle to the bank of the watercourse (reservoir).

4. The zone scheme consists of several independent street sewer networks and prefabricated collectors that discharge wastewater from a certain part (zone) of the sewerage facility (Figure 13 d). This scheme is used when, due to the site layout and terrain conditions, it is not possible to drain wastewater by gravity from the entire sewerage facility to the treatment plant. In this case, the sewerage area is divided into several zones. Wastewater from one of the zones enters the treatment plant by gravity, and wastewater from the collectors of other zones is supplied by pumping stations (sewage pumping stations), which are located at the end of each collector, to the collector of this zone or directly to the radially located treatment plants.

5. The radial scheme includes several independent street sewer networks with collectors and treatment facilities (Figure 13e). This scheme is used on sites with buildings dispersed over a large area and poorly defined (flat) terrain, as well as for sewerage of large populated areas.

The external sewer network scheme in each specific case is selected based on a technical and economic assessment of options developed taking into account local conditions, facility layout and other factors.

In terms of economic indicators, the most effective are perpendicular, crossed and zone schemes. With a parallel scheme, there is a large length of the sewer network, and with a radial scheme, there is the construction of several treatment facilities.

External sewer networks, according to SNiP, are used both in private country houses and in city apartments. This sewage system is very convenient, easy to use and environmentally friendly. To install it, you must familiarize yourself with the rules of use according to SNiP

Features and types of sewerage systems SNiP

These sewerage networks are a branched pipeline that delivers wastewater from premises (residential and non-residential) to special containers. To ensure that wastewater flows into the tank by gravity, water pipes are installed at a slight slope.

Second version of the system provides for the installation of pressure networks or connecting a special pump.

Types of sewerage systems according to SNiP

Depending on their purpose, sewer networks are divided:

• Household, which is divided into two types: central (serving the entire village) and autonomous (for one or more houses).
• Industrial(industrial treatment facilities).
• Stormwater providing drainage after rain.

All of these types are divided into two subspecies:

• Outdoor (pipes are located on the street, including treatment plants and structures).
• Internal (everything that is located indoors).

According to the method of installation and laying of the SNiP pipeline, external communications are divided into several types:

In addition, sewer networks differ in other ways.

SNiP external sewerage systems

External communications can be located in different places and vary in purpose. There are several types of outdoor sewerage networks:

Methods for laying water pipes are determined individually in each specific case. This depends on several factors, such as bends and turns along the route, the level of groundwater, etc. It should be remembered that sewer pipes are in any case laid with a slope, which varies depending on the diameter of the pipe. In some cases, it may be necessary to install a pump, drainage or inspection well.

Components of an external sewerage system

The sewerage network consists of various elements that allow the transport of wastewater to treatment facilities. In general, the sewerage system includes the following parts:

In addition, for the full operation of the sewerage system, it is possible to use other additional elements.

Material for the manufacture of sewer pipes

The service life of the pipeline also depends on the choice of material. Today, the rules provide for the use of materials such as:

In rare cases, it is possible to use glass or ceramic pipes.

Since wastewater with all sewage immediately flows from the internal sewerage system to the external one, the latter must cope with a huge volume of sewage at the same time.

Installation of an external sewerage system

To ensure the reliability and long service life of the sewer system, a number of rules must be followed during its installation.

SNiP requirements are based on factors such as:

• soil properties;
• climate features;
• ground water level;
• average wastewater volume;
• distance to the nearest pumps and treatment plants.

It is also very important to maintain the level of inclination of the pipe to ensure the unhindered passage of wastewater by gravity. According to the requirements of SNiP, t rubles must be laid at a certain slope to the side of the well. The angle of inclination is determined by the diameter of the pipe and is 2–3 cm for each meter of pipeline.

Do not try to make a large slope: this, of course, will facilitate the rapid drainage of a huge amount of waste, but can lead to clogging of the system, since solid particles will be retained in the pipe.

According to the requirements of SNiP, the size of the pipe for the external sewerage of several houses included in the system must be at least 20 cm, and for one country cottage - 10–11 cm. When planning the installation of a sewage system, additional factors that affect performance in the future should be taken into account .

Before proceeding directly to the installation of the sewerage system, it is necessary to carry out preparatory work: study the soil features, calculate all elements, lay out the route of the pipeline.

The first step is to determine the location of the collection well where the wastewater will flow. In this case, the type of water collector is also taken into account: a septic tank, which is capable of not only receiving, but also disposing of pollution, or an ordinary well.

The ideal location for a septic tank or well would be the lowest location in the pipeline area. If you plan to clean the collection using a sewer truck, it is better to locate the well closer to the roadway for its comfortable maintenance.

A trench is dug, which, if necessary, is supplied with additional parts. Carefully secure the pipe joints and treat them with sealant. To prevent water pipes from freezing in winter, it is necessary to carry out thermal insulation. The sewer system is then connected to a treatment plant or sewer and a test run is performed.

The ditch is filled and compacted only after a complete check of the entire structure as a whole.

Requirements for pipeline parts:

• Resistance of the material to corrosion or providing additional protection.
• Availability of a base for pipeline installation, taking into account soil characteristics.
• Mandatory use of valves, plungers and other additional elements in pressure sewer networks.
• Installation of inspection wells only in places of slopes, intersections and bends of the water supply system. The size of the well is determined by the diameter of the pipe and its length. Wells must have sewer hatches, ladders and fences.
• Rainwater receivers should be installed near pedestrian crossings, low-lying areas and places where large numbers of people gather.

SNiP requirements for sewerage of a private house

Sewage in apartment buildings is taken for granted and is almost invisible. Another thing is the disposal of wastewater in a private house. Cesspools and street toilets are considered a relic of the past, and many owners of country cottages are thinking about construction of a sewerage system on your site. In order to independently install and connect a waste pipeline, you need to know the building codes and regulations, compliance with which will ensure long and uninterrupted operation of the system.

Sewerage is installed immediately during the construction of a new house, but it is quite possible to equip an old one with an outdoor toilet with apartment amenities.

Private houses are divided into two types: those with the ability to connect to the central sewer system and those that cannot be connected.

The procedure for carrying out intra-house installation work will be the same, the only difference is in the removal of wastewater from the premises.

The sewage system of a private house, as well as an apartment building, consists of sewer pipes and risers connected to each other. Wastewater from toilets, bathtubs and sinks enters horizontal pipes and goes through a riser to a treatment plant or sewer system. If you are just planning to build a house, it is necessary to locate the kitchen and bathroom next to the place where the sewer pipe exits the house. If the cottage is multi-story, then for ease of installation of the pipeline, the bathrooms must be located one above the other.

Pipe installation and plumbing installation

The toilet is connected to the vertical riser separately. To prevent waste from entering the pipes, the remaining elements must be located above the toilet.

To reduce noise levels, the risers can be closed in a plasterboard box or wrapped in mineral wool. All necessary parts are attached to the pipes using elbow siphons, in which there is always a small amount of water, which blocks unpleasant odors from the system and prevents them from escaping outside.

Horizontal pipes that are located under the floor, in the basement or basement, are connected to a riser with external pipes. Elements located outside the premises should be x insulate well to prevent them from freezing during the cold period. At the exit from the house, all pipes are collected into one and connected to the external sewage system. Clamps are used as fastening.

In order to prevent the appearance of specific odors when draining water, ventilation should be installed: a vertical riser is led up to the roof, and its upper part must be well strengthened, not covered, but only protected from debris and precipitation. You can also install an aeration valve to keep out odors.

A trench is prepared, the depth of which is determined by the level of soil freezing in a particular region. To the bottom of the ditch is a must sand cushion is laid, on which drainpipes are mounted at a slight slope. If, due to the characteristics of the soil, it is impossible to dig a deep trench, the pipeline should be carefully insulated.

Private houses generally have an autonomous sewer system, which comes in 4 types:

• Dry toilet. Convenient, but requiring constant costs, type of sewerage.
• Cesspool. Cheap, but very inconvenient to use.
• Septic tank. It is capable of not only receiving wastewater, but also purifying it independently.
• Treatment facility. Cleaning is done using special bacteria. Quite effective, but at the same time - an expensive type of sewer system.

Each of these options has its pros and cons. For example, it is better to install a cesspool in areas that are used periodically.

The cleaning station does not require constant maintenance, but its disadvantage is its high cost. Of the proposed sewerage options for a private home, the ideal would be a septic tank, which you can assemble yourself or buy ready-made.

So, by observing the rules of SNiP external sewer networks, and following the proposed recommendations, you can easily install a sewer system at home and thereby ensure comfortable living for yourself and your loved ones.