Drilling. What is an oil well? What is drilling

Drilling is the process by which a cylindrical mine opening (hole, hole) is constructed due to the destruction of rocks. Most often, drilling is carried out in the earth's crust. Less common in concrete and asphalt. Drilling is used to search, study and extract minerals; blasting operations; drainage of wetlands; laying underground communications; construction of pile foundations. There is a special classification of drilling methods. The first classification is based on the nature of rock destruction. They are divided into mechanical and non-mechanical. The first type is the destructive effect of the drilling tool on the rock. The second type - the destructive impact occurs without contact of the source of impact with the rock. Mechanical drilling, in turn, is divided into rotary, impact, rotary impact and rotary impact. Rotary drilling destroys rock by rotating a tool pressed to the bottom. For this type, most often, cutting type tools (rock cutting), diamond tools, shot drilling and shot cores are used. The choice of tool type depends on the strength of the rock. Impact methods include impact drilling and rotary impact drilling (drilling with rotary hammers). Drilling can also be divided according to the type of tool used to drill. From this classification we can distinguish screw, diamond, roller and rod.

There is a division by types of drilling machines (turbine, pneumatic percussion, perforating) and by the method of drilling wells (cluster and inclined).

Drilling, with its development and specialization, is mainly applied to three fundamental areas of technology. The first area is oil and gas drilling. To do this, fairly deep wells are drilled, several kilometers deep.

The second area is wells reaching depths of hundreds of meters. Such wells are drilled in search of solid minerals. The latter area is used in construction and mining for placing explosives in rocks. The depth of such wells ranges from several meters to tens of meters.
Drilling for water is the most critical stage when the issue of drainage and water supply for a home or cottage is resolved. It is customary to begin water supply for a cottage or home with a choice regarding the water source. Usually the owner himself does this. In order to complete the following drilling steps, special equipment and experienced personnel are required. Water well drilling is a high-tech type of construction service. This requires high professionalism of the performer. The most reliable source of water supply today can be considered an artesian well. Since it is not possible to find identical sections, the process of drilling for water is associated with many random factors. And the influence of the human factor in this area is very high.

All companies - professionals in the market and specialized organizations for drilling underwater wells must have detailed and complete information about drilling methods and local geological conditions. They must submit projects that very accurately indicate the projected depths and other characteristics of the wells and water quality.

In this work, the most important thing is that the geological specifics of the area and the specific place where work on drilling water wells is being carried out strictly corresponds to the level of the technical base used. Installations related to the need for equipment and equipment for well installation work are selected taking into account the depth and other parameters of the aquifer and aquifer.

When constructing water wells, it is not the drilling itself that is important, but also the selection and installation of a well pump. Control automation and water supply systems running from wells to a dacha or house are also used. In our daily life, the water supply system provides us with comfort. It's hard to imagine what we would do without her. The quality, reliability and reliability of water supply equipment today is at its best. And all this thanks to improved pumps and automatic control. In order to drill a well under water, it is necessary to open the limestone horizons. This type of drilling is called limestone drilling.

There is a sand well for water. The advantages of such a well are low cost, ease of maintenance, quick installation and no need for registration and licensing of wells. All the necessary water is located at great depths and to lift it from this depth, special pumps for wells are used. Trenchless technologies are used to lay pipelines made of polyethylene or steel. Such technologies include directional drilling, under-road piercing and HDD piercing. If you have not yet gotten involved with drilling water wells, you may be wondering why they are needed at all. They are needed in order to organize an individual water supply system for a home or cottage. You will gain independence from all centralized water supply systems, incorrectly functioning automation and the eternal problem of pipeline corrosion. For the proper operation of the heating and sewage system of your home, as well as for the convenience of living, you must organize your own water well.

In order to choose the right well, you need to fully study the needs of residents and the purpose of using the well. The location for which the well is drilled plays a significant role. This could be a large house with water consumption or a small house with a garden area.

Depending on the quality of water supply, budget, and volume of water consumption, certain types of water well drilling can be distinguished. Drilling small filtered grains of sand into the horizon (drilling wells into sand) is carried out to a depth of up to 30 meters. More precisely, until the sandy horizon is reached. After this, a well is usually installed, the diameter of which is from 126 millimeters to 134 millimeters. The internal diameter of the pipe of this well ranges from 126 millimeters to 134 millimeters. This pipe consists of a pipe called casing and the capacity of which is up to 20 liters per minute.

Most often, drilling a well in sand takes about two working days. If you decide to drill a well and value for money for the water supply system of an area with low water consumption, then a shallow sand well is best for you. Also, it is suitable for a summer house or a house in which you live only in the summer or spring - autumn. Like all other wells, a sand well has its disadvantages. The main disadvantage of such a well is the very high probability of being flooded. The service life of the pipes depends on how often the well is used and on the natural potential of the horizon. In addition to drilling wells for sand, there is drilling of wells for limestone (artesian well). It consists of drilling wells to a depth of 20 meters to 210 meters to the aquifer. Drilling is carried out to the layers of limestone. Limestone wells are distinguished from other wells by their high productivity, which reaches up to 100 cubic meters per hour. Also, such wells can boast of high reliability.

As for the depth of wells for limestone, it is much greater than the depth of sand wells. But because of this, the complexity of the work increases. Drilling an artesian well usually takes about three days. If you are going to live in your house or cottage all year round, then this type of water well will suit you best. It will help you always have crystal clear water in your home. Among the main advantages of such a well are the following: a large supply of water, a significant operational life due to the stability of the aquifers of the limestone slabs. While drilling an artesian well, its walls are strengthened. This helps the well serve you from 35 to 55 years. The disadvantage of such drilling is the need for additional equipment for the water that is supplied to the well. After drilling, it is important to choose the right water treatment system. If you have installed an artesian well, then be sure that your home will always have clean drinking water for many years. Usually, wells begin to be drilled before the house is built. This will allow you to save money and your own efforts. This also significantly affects the convenience of building a house, because you will need a lot of water.

Before you start drilling, you also need to take a very responsible approach to the placement of all objects on the site. If, after all, the dacha or house was built before the water supply was organized, then there is nothing wrong with that. With the help of experienced specialists, well drilling can be done at any time during the construction of a house. In order to do all the drilling work correctly, you need professional technical equipment that allows you to perform work of absolutely varying complexity and in all weather conditions. In principle, such work can be carried out at any time of the year. Winter time is favorable for the customer in that fairly heavy and powerful machines will not damage the site. Also, the slag that is brought to the surface during drilling does not clog the territory of the building.

In advance, before choosing a place to drill a water well, you need to accurately measure 15 meters from the septic tank. If the slope of the terrain on the territory of the building is towards the well, then the distance to the septic tank must be increased to 20 meters. The distance from the foundation or fence to the well should be no closer than three meters. The drilling method is selected depending on the structure of the soil, and the working area should be 24 cubic meters.
Since a water well can be called a capital structure, the area in which water drilling will be carried out must be very carefully selected. It should be located above an aquifer, which is favorable for the subsequent operation of the well. Also, the territory of the building must be adapted for repair work. The place where the well will be located must comply with relevant environmental standards and be protected from pollution. But we must remember that not every well has the opportunity to be water-bearing. Therefore, it is necessary to approach the calculations of the location of the future well before drilling with great responsibility. Important points in drilling are: determining the type of soil, checking the area for the presence of vegetation, and analyzing the surface of the area. This analysis includes the topography, finding a suitable location for the well, a thorough check for harmful sources of pollution and the presence of water on the surface, and a study of the conditions that lie below the surface of the site.
To determine the area for drilling a water well, a highly qualified specialist travels to the place where the work is expected to be carried out. He discusses with the customer the location of the future well, checks the availability of power supply at the site and selects a place for specialized equipment, workers’ accommodation, a water carrier and a drilling rig. The next step after drilling a water well is the construction of the well itself. The purpose of constructing a well is to supply water from the well itself to the surface of the site using a special pump. The pressure of this pump should raise the water to the surface. Drilling water wells requires the installation of a caisson. It is thanks to him that the customer will be able to drink clean drinking water at any time of the year. A caisson is a metal reservoir that prevents water from freezing in winter. It also serves as an excellent protector against groundwater and other contaminants. Pipelines are laid from the caisson to the cottage or house. They are laid at a depth of 1.9 meters.

Drilling a well includes the installation of an automatic, uninterrupted pump control system and a variety of filters to clean water from unnecessary impurities.

Well, the very last, final stage in drilling water wells is the chemical analysis of water. To do this, after all the drilling work has been done, a water sample is taken from the well and a chemical analysis is performed. This analysis allows us to determine whether the water is suitable for daily use and for the normal operation of plumbing fixtures and household appliances. After all, if the water is unsuitable and contains contaminants and impurities, it will not only lead to breakdown of plumbing equipment, but will also cause great damage to the human body.

Well, at the end of the drilling work, all that remains is to equip it with the help of a casing. A casing is a structure that consists of pipes. These pipes are connected to each other using the threaded method. More precisely, this thread is called a conical trapezoidal thread. Depending on the type of work, ordinary welding is also used to construct casing columns. If you have completed all the stages associated with drilling wells for water, including its arrangement, then we can confidently say that the work has come to an end and you can now enjoy your personal water supply. If you did this work on your summer cottage, where you appear only at a certain time, then naturally the well will not be in working condition for a long time. After a long break (a year or more), the well must be checked. Most likely, after checking the well, it will need to restore the productivity of the aquifer well and clean it. Cleaning consists of flushing the bottom-hole zone using a water-air mixture, cleaning the filter, and there is also the possibility of replacing the casing strings.

Drilling water wells in Perm includes the steps listed above. Experienced specialists will help you when choosing a place of work and making calculations that are necessary for the proper operation of the water supply.

Enough broad term "well drilling" involves not only drilling for the extraction of resources from the subsoil, mainly hydrocarbons, but also work on drilling wells for water extraction, horizontal directional drilling, drilling for piles, drilling for geothermal heating.

- the process of destruction of various rocks with subsequent removal of destruction products.

Drilling of the wells- this is the drilling of a directed cylindrical mine working with securing the walls (barrel) of the well to prevent rock collapse.

Wellhead is the beginning of a well on the surface of the earth.

The bottom of the well is the bottom of the well.

Wellbore – well walls.

Drilling water wells - drilling a well to an aquifer(sand, limestone) and construction of a well, taking into account the equipment of the water intake zone for the possibility of drawing water from the bowels of the earth.

Basic methods of drilling wells

Rotary with direct flushing

The most common way. It is used when drilling wells in rocks of different hardness and to different depths.

Direct circulation well drilling diagram

  1. Collecting settled drilling mud from the sump
  2. Suction-pressure line
  3. Mud pump
  4. Discharge line
  5. Swivel
  6. Casing
  7. Bit

Rotary with backwash

Mainly used for drilling large diameter industrial wells.

Scheme of drilling a well with reverse circulation

  1. Bit
  2. Mixer
  3. Air supply pipes
  4. Drill pipes (drill rods)
  5. Compressor
  6. Rotor
  7. Swivel
  8. Sleeve
  9. Sump (sump for drilling mud)
  10. Drill cuttings
  11. Delimiter
  12. Gutter

Rotary with air purge

Used when drilling in stable rocks. When using a pneumatic hammer, a high speed of well creation is achieved. Relevant when performing work in areas composed of rocky or hard rocks, as well as when working with fractured rocks.

Shock-rope

It is used when drilling wells in difficult hydrogeological conditions to a depth of 100-150 meters. This method is characterized by low drilling speed and the difficulty of drilling in unstable rocks (quicksand, aquifer sands).

The main advantages of this method include:

  • obtaining a reliable geological section;
  • the near-filter zone and the filter are not clogged with clay solution (as during drilling with flushing) or destroyed rock - a reliable characteristic of the aquifer.

Rotary screw

It is used when drilling in soft and loose rocks to a depth of 30-40 m. Auger drilling is the main drilling method for creating shallow wells for sand (filter wells, see below), for drilling holes and holes (pit drill).

Pit drills are basically hydraulic attachments based on an excavator, manipulator crane and other construction equipment. It is used to speed up the work process, replacing manual physical labor - digging holes, planting seedlings, installing poles, piles, supports and other structures fixed in the ground.

How is well drilling carried out?

A vertical excavation is created by a rotating “drill string”. This is the name for a structure made of series-connected pipes, in the lower part of which a chisel, turbo or electric drill - tools for destroying rocks - is fixed.

To remove cuttings and drilled soil, a clay solution is pumped into the resulting shaft. With this method, drilling is carried out with flushing.

When drilling with an auger, the drilled rock rises to the surface in a spiral (like a drill).

When drilling wells with blowing, the drilled soil is blown out with a powerful air stream.

Casing pipes are used to strengthen the walls of the mine.

This is the most general idea of ​​rotary well drilling. With its help, the largest number of these structures are built, intended for industrial, research or private use.

Main types of wells

In relation to drilling not for industrial purposes, but for private use, engineering structures can be divided into several types of wells.

Filter wells

They are used to extract water from shallow (10-60 m) sand deposits.

Typical sand well design

A filter well (sand well) is a well built on unstable water-bearing rocks, represented by heterogeneous sands, sometimes with inclusions of gravel, boulders, and sandstones. An integral part of a sand well is the filter water intake part, in other words, a filter. Most often it is made from a perforated pipe with a stainless or polymer mesh wound around it.

Artesian wells (limestone wells)

They are used to extract formation fluid from carbonate deposits and limestone, which, in particular, in the Moscow region are located at elevations exceeding 200 m.

Wells for geothermal heating

The stock of “private” wells today is not limited to the production facility. When arranging a heating system, the use of heat pumps is becoming popular. This technology allows you to use the heat of the earth to heat real estate remote from central communications. For the needs of these units, vertical or inclined workings are drilled, which are filled with a working medium and thereby create a thermal circuit.

  1. Horizontal collector (located below the freezing depth)
  2. Vertical probe (installed in the well)
  3. Heat pump (transfer of heat from the earth to a coolant circulating in the house).

Horizontally directed wells

Drilling such wells is used to lay communications without trenching. Modern technologies make it possible to control the drilling trajectory and set the required direction of movement of the drill. Horizontal directional drilling is in demand when conducting communications in densely populated areas, under overpasses, bridges, roads, oil pipelines and other capital structures.

Directional drilling is ideal for connecting to utility networks in densely built areas.

Wells for studying the geological structure and mining

  • reference, structural-search - to obtain global information about the geological structure of the region;
  • exploration, appraisal - drilling is carried out in order to identify the location of saturated deposits and determine their productivity;
  • production and injection - extract reserves and carry out operations to increase production volumes - injection of water, steam, gas.

How are wells drilled in the Moscow region?

The depth of the deposits and the properties of the rocks to be penetrated determine what equipment to use for drilling wells. For the private sector, the most widely used installation is on the URB 2-A2 wheeled chassis, which is used for work in the entire “range of elevations,” even if the deposit is more than 200 m away from the surface.

Drilling rigs on wheeled chassis (KAMAZ, Ural) are also used when drilling at shallower depths, when the section consists of hard rocks.

At depths of up to 100 m, small-sized and self-propelled units are used, which can be placed on a trailer - Drill unit Strong, Partner of the TS, TM series, on a tracked base - Partner series SBU, Lutz Kurth, Drill unit SBU.

When drilling wells for industrial purposes, URB-3A3, 1BA-15V installations are mainly used.

The Vodnaya Pomoshch company has a wide fleet of drilling equipment and is capable of solving problems of autonomous water supply in difficult hydrogeological conditions, in areas with limited access, throughout the Moscow region and neighboring areas. Provides a full range of installation and maintenance services for engineering and technical support networks.

Drilling is the construction of a well, as well as the destruction of layers of the earth with the subsequent extraction of destruction products to the surface

Drilling: for water, types of drilling, types of drilling, gas

Drilling is

Drilling is construction of a well, as well as the destruction of layers of the earth with the subsequent extraction of destruction products to the surface.

— process destruction of rocks using special equipment - drilling equipment.

There are three types drilling:

Vertical drilling

Directional drilling

Horizontal drilling

Well drilling is process construction of a directed cylindrical mine working in the ground, the diameter “D” of which is small compared to its length along the shaft “H”, without human access to the face. The beginning of a well on the surface of the earth is called the mouth, the bottom is called the bottom, and the walls of the well form its trunk.

Types of water wells

1. Filter well for water in sandy horizons.

To identify the presence of an aquifer in sandy soils, exploratory drilling is first carried out.

When drilling an exploration well, there can be 3 situations:

1) Availability of water for the construction of a water well, in the presence of a layer of water-saturated sand with a thickness of > 0.8 m.

2) Availability of water for the construction of a well - when interlayering water-saturated sand and other types of clay soils.

3) Lack of aquifers.

An exploration well for water is usually drilled to a depth of 13-15 meters. The cost of exploration drilling is 1000 rubles/meter. If, during exploratory drilling, aquifers are found for the construction of a water well, price meters of exploration drilling is included in price meter of drilling a water well.

If an aquifer is discovered, a production well with a filter and casing is drilled into it to construct a well. The depth of such a well is usually 13-25 m. Drilling a well at sand produced by a combined screw and shock-rope method. When drilling, metal pipes with a threaded connection type with a diameter of 168 mm are used as an external casing (to hold the walls of the well during drilling). After installing the production casing with a filter inside the outer casing pipes, the outer pipes are removed.

The production casing of a sand well consists of three parts:

1. Working column - located from ground level to the level of the aquifer. The pipes of the working string, on the one hand, “case” the well, keeping its walls from collapsing, on the other hand, they serve to place water-lifting pipes and a pump in them.

2. Filter column - a continuation of the working column, a perforated pipe equipped with a stainless galloon mesh (0.2 - 0.315 mm).

Through a filter column, water enters the well from the thickness of water-saturated sand, and a mesh filter prevents the entry of sand particles.

3. The storage tank is a blind pipe, closed at the bottom with a plug, which serves for uninterrupted water supply (water supply).

2. Well for an aquifer in Ordovician limestones.

A limestone well is drilled into an aquifer located in cracks in the limestone. Limestone - rock, predominantly consisting of calcite (calcium carbonate). Drilling wells into aquifers in limestone is done with augers, which in appearance represent the working part of a corkscrew.

Unlike a sand well for water, the drilling process is less labor-intensive. When drilling a water well, no external metal pipes are required to hold the walls of the well - due to the hardness of the limestone. The depth of such a well is usually 15-40 m.

The “limestone” well consists of three parts:

1. Working column.

2. The filter column is simply a perforated pipe (perforated filter).

3. The storage tank is a blind pipe.

3. Artesian water wells for the Cambro-Ordovician, Lomonosov aquifers and the Vendian aquifer complex (Gdov horizon).

Artesian aquifers, in our region, are confined to deep-lying sandstones, which are covered on top by layers of waterproof rock (clay thickness), forming a barrier to the waters of Quaternary sediments. The water contained in the caverns of these sandstones is located at a depth under high pressure. When such an aquifer is opened by a well, the water level under pressure rushes to the surface of the earth and is usually established at a depth of 5-15 meters.

The first artesian wells, from which water rushed out under its own pressure, were drilled in France, in the province of Artois, hence the name “Artesian Well”.

Such wells have a flow rate of approximately 2-15 m3/hour and have a depth of 80 m. They are drilled for water supply to enterprises, cottage villages or detached residential buildings.

Drilling of artesian wells is carried out if the customer has a license for the right to use the subsoil plot for the purpose of geological study.

Impact-rope drilling method

The impact projectile is suspended on a rope, which is supplied from the instrumental drum. During chiselling, the projectile is raised and dropped using a balancer - the pulling mechanism of the machine, or from a winch. When dropped, the projectile falls down under its own weight, destroying the rock at the face. As the well deepens, the drilling line is released from the tool drum, feeding the bit. Having drilled a certain interval of the well, they stop chiseling and begin cleaning the face. This operation is performed with a bailer. After cleaning the well, they continue chiseling or begin to shore up the well - unstable intervals are secured with casing pipes.

Drilling is

A drilling rig for drilling drilling equipment consists of a bit, a striking rod, scissors (jasses) and a rope lock (ropsocket).

The following types of chisels are used: flat, I-beam, Z, rounding, cross, pyramidal and eccentric. The type of bit is determined by the nature of the rocks being penetrated. The angle of sharpening (attack) depends on the hardness of the drill bits rocks.

When percussion drilling of placer deposits, to drive the leading casing simultaneously with deepening the well, a driving half-rod and an impact head are additionally used as part of the projectile.

Drilling is

To remove destroyed rock from the face and when drilling layers of quicksand, a bailer tool is used in the following composition: bailer, scissors and rope lock. Sometimes a short shock rod (half rod) is added.

Bailer with a flat valve and a driving glass.

a) flat; b) I-beam; c) rounding; d) cross

The main advantage of the shock-rope method is that there is no need to supply drilling rigs with clay and water.

The main disadvantage is the low mechanical speed in easily passable rocks, the relatively high cost of casing pipes, and the method is more energy-consuming. Also, when drilling in rocks above category III in the immediate vicinity of buildings, damage to foundations is possible from the resulting vibration when the bit hits the bottom.

Rotary drilling

It has several main directions: auger, core, drilling with direct and reverse circulation, drilling with purge.

With the auger method of drilling soft and loose rocks, rock destruction at the face is carried out with a rotating bit of various designs; the destroyed rock is transported from the face to the day surface by augers, which are a single screw conveyor. When auger drilling with an annular face, magazine augers and special bits are used. This type of drilling is the most common and most versatile method of all types of shallow drilling. It is used when drilling in rocks from categories I to VI in terms of drillability, including gravel and pebbles and in rocks containing small boulders. Auger drilling is widespread due to the fact that when drilling in most rocks, the walls of the well are simultaneously secured with the rock being lifted.

Auger drilling process

The main advantage of drilling with augers is the high penetration rate.

The main disadvantage is the high energy consumption, the curvature of the wellbore, and it is impossible to drill in rocks above category VI.

Drilling is

Core drilling

In core drilling, rock destruction at the bottom is carried out by cutting an annular channel by rotating a core pipe with a drill bit placed at its end. In this case, in the central part of the face (inside the core pipe) a core is formed in the form of a column (monolith) of an undisturbed structure. After a core of sufficient length has been formed, it is torn from the massif using a core grabber installed on a core pipe immediately above the crown and raised to the surface. Often core drilling of rocks is carried out with bottom-hole circulation of the flushing fluid, less often with flushing of the wellbore with a clay solution. Instead of washing, blowing the bottom with compressed air is also used. Blowing has a number of important advantages over flushing from the point of view of exploration drilling, namely:

Drilling is

Additional moisture is excluded, as well as erosion of the core and bottom;

The possibility of contamination and moistening of the sludge, as well as the mixing of differences in sludge carried from different horizons is eliminated.

And of course, such an important point as the delivery of water to wells is excluded.

Core pipe

The main disadvantage preventing the widespread use of this method is the geological and hydrogeological limitation of drilling possibilities: bottom hole blowing is most appropriate and effective to carry out in wells that do not contain liquid water.

The main advantage is the high penetration rate in rocks from category V and above. Possibility of extracting core with an undisturbed structure to the surface.

Drilling with flushing.

Of the total volume of water well drilling, more than 85% is performed using a rotary method with flushing with industrial water or clay solution. Water, clay solutions treated with nonionic surfactants (OP-7, OP-10, etc.), water-hypane (3-5%) and carbonate solutions are used as a flushing liquid when opening aquifers. When drilling using the rotary method, two types of flushing are used: direct and reverse.

Drilling is

In direct flushing, the flushing fluid is supplied to the rock-cutting tool through the drill pipes and rises to the surface through the annular gap between the drill pipes and the walls of the well, carrying with it pieces of destroyed rock (sludge).

During backflushing, the flushing fluid enters the well through a hermetically sealed wellhead along the wellbore and rises through the drill pipes to the surface.

Well flushing scheme

a - straight; b - reverse; 1 - well walls; 2 - guide pipe; 3 - drill pipe; 4 - oil seal; 5 - drainage of flushing liquid; 6 - cover; 7 - supply of flushing liquid; 8 - adapter.

Continuous face drilling is carried out using roller bits, the type of which is selected based on the category of the rock being drilled.

Circular face drilling with direct flushing is carried out using core sets with carbide or diamond bits.

Main advantages: The drilling speed of this method in soft and medium-hard rocks at any depth is approximately 3 times higher compared to the shock-rope method. The design of a rotary drilling well is much simpler, and cost casing pipes are 40-60% less than with cable-percussion drilling. Significantly lower energy intensity and energy consumption compared to other methods.

The main disadvantage is the provision of water and clay to drilling rigs.

Drilling with blowing.

In direct circulation drilling, the processes are generally the same as in direct circulation drilling. Only instead of a solution, compressed air is supplied through the swivel seal. And the destroyed rock (sludge) is blown to the surface. Drilling is carried out with air hammers, as well as roller bits or core bits with diamond or carbide bits.

Drilling is

Well location

Since the well performs different functions than wells, when working there is no point in looking for high water and determining the optimal location. Customers, or if you are drilling for yourself, I can choose the site for the well yourself, in the place where it is convenient and will have the best effect.

This is all the more effective because there is water in almost any soil, the only question is how deep it is. Drilling rigs drill wells up to 50 meters, which gives an almost guaranteed result.

How to drill different types of soil?

The question is by no means an idle one, since there are significant differences in the technology of breaking through clay or rocky soils. Don't forget. that at different depths the soil type may change, this is worth taking into account and changing equipment and nozzles.

The most labor-intensive, slow and expensive drilling process is the development of calcareous, hard and rocky layers and soil types.

A typical mistake of beginners is that in an effort to quickly pass through an unpleasant section, the speed increases, which is why the drill “bites” and Job stops completely. On the contrary, the revolutions of the drilling equipment should be 30-40, then you will stably pass through a difficult section.

You will be able to break through strong and hard ground much easier. If you use a roller bit, a roller cutter with a rectangular tape thread.

Unfortunately, there are simply impassable areas - huge stones hidden in the thickness of the earth. In this case, it is recommended to rearrange the installation.

Clay soils are a driller's paradise; the drill breaks through such soil easily and quickly. everything goes like clockwork, moreover, nothing threatens the well, clay areas are not subject to delamination and shedding.

Sandy soils, quicksand.

Actually, it is in the sand that underground water, springs, and aquifers are located.

However, the top layer, quicksand, is not suitable for use, so such sandy layers are also passed through. The biggest difficulty is that the sand crumbles and can fill up and ruin the whole work. To avoid this, special additives are added to the circulating water - clays (natural, dry and bentonite), Stuvamax.

The most important thing is not to rush and carefully monitor the behavior of the drilling rig.

In particular, water should always flow out of the wellbore. If not, then you need to raise the rod column and use a motor pump. When building up bars, raise the columns. Pass air columns along the rods to clean the tools.

Oil and gas wells

Based on the method of impact on rocks, a distinction is made between mechanical and non-mechanical drilling. During mechanical drilling, the drilling tool directly affects the rock, destroying it, and during non-mechanical drilling, destruction occurs without direct contact with the rock from the source of impact on it. Non-mechanical methods (hydraulic, thermal, electrophysical) are under development and are not currently used for drilling oil and gas wells.

Mechanical drilling methods are divided into impact and rotary.

During impact drilling, rock destruction is carried out by bit 1 suspended on a rope (Fig. 3). The drilling tool also includes a striking rod 2 and a rope lock 3. It is suspended on a rope 4, which is thrown over a block 5 mounted on a mast (not shown). The reciprocating movement of the drilling tool is provided by the drilling rig 6.

1 - bit; 2 - shock rod; 3 - rope lock; 4 - rope; 5 - block; 6 - drilling rig.

As the well deepens, the rope is lengthened. The cylindricity of the well is ensured by turning the bit during work.

To clear the face of destroyed rock, the drilling tool is periodically removed from the well, and a bailer, similar to a long bucket with a valve in the bottom, is lowered into it. When the bailer is immersed in a mixture of liquid (formation or poured from above) and drilled rock particles, the valve opens and the bailer is filled with this mixture. When the bailer is lifted, the valve closes and the mixture is removed to the top.

After cleaning the bottom is completed, the drilling tool is lowered into the well again and drilling continues.

To avoid collapse of the well walls, a casing pipe is lowered into it, the length of which increases as the bottom deepens.

Currently, shock drilling is not used in our country when drilling oil and gas wells.

Oil and gas wells are constructed using the rotary drilling method. With this method, rocks are not crushed by impacts, but are destroyed by a rotating bit, which is subject to an axial load. Torque is transmitted to the bit or from the surface from the rotator (rotor) through the drill pipe string (rotary drilling) or from a downhole motor (turbo drill, electric drill, screw motor) installed directly above the bit.

Drilling is

A turbodrill is a hydraulic turbine driven into rotation by means of flushing fluid injected into the well. An electric drill is an electric motor protected from liquid penetration, power to which is supplied via a cable from the surface. A screw motor is a type of downhole hydraulic machine in which a screw mechanism is used to convert the energy of the flushing fluid flow into mechanical energy of rotational motion.

Based on the nature of rock destruction at the bottom, a distinction is made between continuous and core drilling. During continuous drilling, rock destruction occurs over the entire face area. Core drilling involves the destruction of rocks only along the ring in order to extract a core - a cylindrical sample of rocks along the entire or part of the length of the well. Using core selection, the properties, composition and structure of rocks, as well as the composition and properties of the fluid saturating the rock, are studied.

All drill bits are classified into three types:

cutting and shearing bits that destroy rock with blades (blade bits);

crushing and shearing bits that destroy rock with teeth located on roller cones (cone bits);

bits with cutting and abrasive action, destroying rock with diamond grains or carbide pins, which are located in the end part of the bit (diamond and carbide bits).

Drilling rig: 1 - bit; 2 - above-bit weighted drill pipe; 3 - sub; 4 - centralizer; 5 - coupling sub; 6, 7 - weighted drill pipes; 8 - sub; 9 - safety ring; 10 - drill pipes; 11 - safety sub; 12, 14 - lower and upper rod subs; 13 - leading pipe; 15 - swivel sub; 16 - swivel; 17 - riser; 18 - hose; 19 - hook; 20 - traveling block; 21 - tower; 22 - crown block; 23 - gearbox; 24 - winch; 25 - rotor; 26 - sludge separator; 27 - mud pump

Systematization of oil and gas wells according to their intended purpose

Wells for oil and gas can be systematized as follows:

structural-search, the purpose of which is to establish (clarify tectonics, stratigraphy, lithology, assess the productivity of horizons) without additional well construction;

exploration, serving to identify productive objects, as well as to delineate already developed oil and gas-bearing formations;

extractive (exploitation) intended for the extraction of oil and gas from the earth subsoil. This category also includes injection, appraisal, observation and parametric wells;

injection pumps, designed for pumping water, gas or steam into formations in order to maintain reservoir pressure or treat the near-wellbore zone. These measures are aimed at extending the period of the fountain method oil production or improving production efficiency;

advancing the extractive ones, serving for oil production and gas with simultaneous clarification of the structure of the productive formation;

assessment, the purpose of which is to determine the initial oil-water saturation and residual oil saturation of the formation (and conduct other studies);

control and observational, designed to monitor the development object, study the nature of the movement of formation fluids and changes in the gas and oil saturation of the formation;

reference wells are drilled to study the geological structure of large regions in order to establish general patterns of occurrence of rocks and identify the possibility of the formation of deposits in these rocks black gold and gas.

Drilling is

Well construction cycle

The well construction cycle includes:

preparatory work;

installation of tower and equipment;

preparation for drilling;

Drilling process;

fastening the well with casing pipes and its plugging;

formation drilling and inflow testing black gold and gas.

During the preparatory work, a site for the drilling rig is selected, an access road is laid, and power supply, water supply and communications systems are installed. If the terrain is uneven, then plan a site.

Offshore well drilling

Currently, the share of black gold extracted from offshore deposits accounts for about 30% of all world production, and gas - even more. How do people get to this wealth?

The simplest solution is to drive piles into shallow water, install a platform on them, and place a drilling rig and the necessary equipment on it.

Another way is to “extend” the shore by filling the shallow water with soil. Thus, in 1926, the Bibi-Heybat Bay in the Baku region was filled up and an oil field was created in its place.

After large deposits of black gold and gas were discovered in the North Sea more than half a century ago, a bold project to drain it was born. The fact is that the average depth of most of the North Sea barely exceeds 70 m, and some parts of the bottom are covered with only a forty-meter layer of water. Therefore, the authors of the project considered it advisable, with the help of two dams - across the English Channel in the Dover area, and also between Denmark and Scotland (more than 700 km long) - to cut off a huge section of the North Sea and pump out water from there. Fortunately, this project remained only on paper.

In 1949, the first offshore oil production rig in the USSR was drilled in the Caspian Sea, 40 km from the coast. Thus began the creation of a city on steel piles, called “Oil Rocks”. However, the construction of overpasses extending many kilometers from the coast is very expensive. In addition, their construction is possible only in shallow waters.

When drilling oil and gas wells in deep seas and oceans, using stationary platforms is technically difficult and economically unprofitable. For this case, floating drilling rigs have been created that can independently or with the help of tugs change drilling areas.

There are jack-up drilling platforms, semi-submersible drilling platforms and gravity-type drilling platforms.


Investor Encyclopedia. 2013 .

Drilling General diagram of the drilling rig: 1 - drill bit; 2 - UBT; 3 - drill pipes; 4 - conductor; 5 - wellhead shaft; 6 - blowout preventer devices; 7 - drilling rig floor; 8 - drilling rotor; 9 - leading drill pipe; 10 - drilling riser; 11 - swivel; 12 - hook; 13 - traveling block; 14 - horse worker's balcony; 15 - crown block; 16 - traveling rope; 17 - kelly hose; 18 - load on bit indicator; 19 - drilling drawworks; 20 - mud pump; 21 - vibrating sieve for drilling mud; 22 - drilling fluid flow line.

Drilling- the process of destruction of rocks using special equipment - drilling equipment. There are three types of drilling:

  • Vertical drilling
  • Directional drilling

Drilling of the wells- this is the process of constructing a directed cylindrical mine in the ground, the diameter “D” of which is small compared to its length along the shaft “H”, without human access to the face. The beginning of a well on the surface of the earth is called the mouth, the bottom is called the bottom, and the walls of the well form its trunk.

Well construction cycle

Roller cone drill bit

  1. construction of ground structures;
  2. wellbore deepening, the implementation of which is possible only when performing two parallel types of work - the actual deepening and flushing of the well;
  3. formation isolation, consisting of two sequential types of work: strengthening (fastening) the wellbore with lowered pipes connected into a column, and plugging (cementing) the annular space;
  4. well development. Often the development of wells in combination with some other types of work (opening up the formation and securing the bottom-hole zone, perforation, calling and intensifying the influx (outflow) of fluid) is called well injection.

1. Preparatory work for construction. Receive documents for the allocation of a forest area for deforestation and agree with the forestry department; marking out the site according to on-site coordinates; deforestation; site layout; construction of a residential village; preparation of the foundation for the drilling rig; site preparation and planning; construction of foundations for tanks at a fuel and lubricants warehouse; lining devices for fuel and lubricants warehouse; delivery of equipment and transportation.

2. Derrick installation work. Installation of equipment; installation of lines; installation of substructures, foundations and blocks; installation and lifting of the tower; commissioning works.

3. Preparatory work for drilling. Upon completion of the installation of the drilling rig and the construction of structures at the towers, the drilling rig is accepted by a special commission. The drilling foreman, together with the commission, checks the quality of work and tests the equipment; the state of labor protection is checked. Electrical lighting must be in explosion-proof luminaires; the rig must have 12 v emergency lighting; all shortcomings and comments of the commission must be eliminated before drilling. Before the start of work, the drilling rig is equipped with drilling tools, bits, casing pipes for the conductor and drill pipes, small-scale mechanization devices, instrumentation, a square hole, a supply of water, chemical reagents, etc. The drilling rig should have: residential houses, cultural booth, canteen, drying bath, room for analyzing solutions, fire-fighting equipment in place, a set of hand and auxiliary tools, a set of safety posters, first aid kits, a supply of fuels and lubricants in containers with a clear indication of the type of fuel, a warehouse for drilling tools, a warehouse for chemical reagents, a barn for collecting waste liquids, a water source. After accepting the installation from the installers, the tackle system is re-equipped, equipment is installed and small-scale mechanization objects are tested (UMK, anti-drag device, etc.). Drilling is carried out from the installation of a mast direction, installed strictly in the center with the axis of the tower. The tower is centered, then they drill to the direction - lower the pipe and cement it, connecting the top of the direction to the trench. After the direction, the centering of the tower and rotor is checked again. The center of the well is drilled into a hole for a square and lined with a pipe. The hole is drilled with a turbodrill, holding it from reactive rotation with a hemp rope in three or four wraps. One end is tied to the leg of the tower, the second is held in the hands through a block or leg of the tower. Upon completion of the preparatory work, no later than 2 days before the start-up of the drilling rig, a start-up conference is held with the participation of the expedition administration (chief engineer, chief technologist, chairman of the trade union committee, chief geologist and head of the technical department), where they get acquainted in detail with the well design, geological section, rock properties, expected complications, drilling regime. The regulatory map is reviewed and measures for accident-free and high-speed wiring are discussed. Drilling can be started if the following documents are available: a geological and technical work order (GTU), a drilling rig commissioning certificate, a regulatory map, there must be a shift log, a drilling fluid log, a labor safety log, a diesel engine operation log. The drilling rig must have: cementing equipment, logging equipment, occupational health and fire safety posters, a helipad, drinking and process water, chemical reagents and materials for drilling and cement fluids, emergency tools, drill and casing pipes.

4. Drilling a well (driving and securing). During the process of drilling a well, rock is drilled out, resulting in the formation of a wellbore, which must be secured using casing and cementation.

5. Testing wells for oil and gas flow. The column walls are perforated to gain access to the productive horizon in order to obtain an influx of oil and gas.

6. Dismantling of drilling equipment and adjacent structures.

7. Reclamation of the allocated area. A seal is installed on the well with a sign indicating the timing of drilling the well and the name of the company performing the work. All barns are buried, garbage is burned, and scrap metal is collected for disposal. The drilling site is brought into compliance with the standards of environmental services.

Classification of wells by purpose

Wells for oil and gas can be systematized as follows:

  • structural search, the purpose of which is to establish (clarify tectonics, stratigraphy, lithology, assess the productivity of horizons) without additional construction of wells;
  • exploration, serving to identify productive objects, as well as to delineate already developed oil and gas-bearing formations;
  • mining (exploitation), intended for the extraction of oil and gas from the bowels of the earth. This category also includes injection, appraisal, observation and parametric wells;
  • injection, intended for injection of water, gas or steam into formations in order to maintain reservoir pressure or treat the near-wellbore zone. These measures are aimed at extending the period of flowing oil production or increasing production efficiency;
  • ahead of mining, used for oil and gas production while simultaneously clarifying the structure of the productive formation;
  • evaluative, the purpose of which is to determine the initial oil-water saturation and residual oil saturation of the formation (and conduct other studies);
  • control and observation, intended for monitoring the development object, studying the nature of the movement of formation fluids and changes in the gas and oil saturation of the formation;
  • supporting wells are drilled to study the geological structure of large regions in order to establish general patterns of occurrence of rocks and identify the possibility of the formation of oil and gas deposits in these rocks.

Drilling methods

Drilling method Definition
Rotational Mechanical drilling, in which a destructive force is created by continuous rotation of a rock-cutting tool with the application of an axial load
Rotary Rotary drilling, in which the drill string is rotated by a machine with a rotary type rotator
Turbine Rotary drilling, in which the rock-cutting tool is rotated by a turbo drill
Volume Rotary drilling, in which the rock-forming(?) tool is rotated by a screw (displacement) motor
Electric drill Rotary drilling, in which the rock-cutting tool is rotated by an electric drill
Diamond Rotary drilling, in which rock is destroyed by a rock-cutting tool reinforced with diamonds
Carbide Rotary drilling, in which rock is destroyed by a rock-cutting tool reinforced with hard alloys
Drobova Rotary drilling, in which rock is destroyed by shot
Shock Mechanical drilling, in which the destructive force is created by the impact of a rock-cutting tool
Shock-rope Impact drilling, in which the reciprocating motion created by the machine is transmitted to the rock cutting tool by a rope
Impact rod Impact drilling, in which the reciprocating motion created by the machine is transmitted to the rock cutting tool by drill pipes
Impact-rotational Mechanical drilling, in which the destructive force is created as a result of the combined impact of impacts and rotation of the rock-cutting tool
Water hammer Rotary impact drilling, in which impacts are imparted to the rock-cutting tool by a hydraulic hammer
Vibrating Mechanical drilling, in which the drill bit is inserted using a vibratory hammer
Hydrodynamic Drilling in which rock is destroyed by a high-pressure jet of liquid
Thermal Drilling in which rock is destroyed by thermal influence
Electrophysical Drilling in which rock is destroyed under the influence of forces resulting from an electrical discharge
Explosive Drilling in which rock is destroyed by forces resulting from an explosion
Chemical Drilling, in which rock is destroyed under the influence of reagents that enter into a chemical reaction with it
With flushing Drilling in which rock destruction products are removed by a flow of drilling fluid
With purging Drilling in which rock destruction products are removed by gas flow

Drill string

Drill string It is an assembly of drill pipes lowered into the well, fastened together with drill joints, designed to supply hydraulic and mechanical energy to the bit, to create an axial load on the bit, and also to control the trajectory of the well being drilled.

Being a drilling tool together with a bit and a downhole motor, the drill string performs the following functions:

  • transmits rotation from the rotor to the bit;
  • receives reactive torques from downhole motors;
  • supplies flushing agent to the face;
  • supplies hydraulic power to the bit and submersible hydraulic motor;
  • presses the bit into the rocks at the bottom, acting by its force of gravity (the axial load on the bit is created by part of the drill collars included in the bottom hole assembly (BHA), part of the drill collars (BC) is used to tension the drill string ( namely, for tensioning drill pipes, like a plumb line) to create perpendicularity of the entire drill string relative to the surface of the earth). (the rule of up to 75% of the weight of the BHA to create axial load on the bit and 25% to tension the drill string is valid only in some CIS countries; many customers and drilling contractors neglect this rule, putting priority on drilling);
  • provides replacement of the bit and submersible motor by transporting them to the bottom or to the surface;
  • allows for emergency and other special work in the wellbore.

Notes

Literature

  • Basarygin Yu. M., Bulatov A. I., Proselkov Yu. M. Drilling oil and gas wells. - Textbook manual for universities. - M.: Nedra-Business Center LLC, 2002. - 632 p. - ISBN 5-8365-0128-9
  • Drilling equipment. - Technical catalogue. - M.: “German Printing Factory”, 2008. - 265 p.
  • Daniel Yergin Extraction: The World History of the Struggle for Oil, Money and Power = The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. - M.: "Alpina Publisher", 2011. - 944 p. - ISBN 978-5-9614-1252-9
  • Petroleum Engineering-Drilling and Well Completions, C. Gatlin (ed.), Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1960.
  • Lessons in Rotary Drilling, U. of Texas, Unit II, Lesson 3.
  • A Primer of Oil Well Drilling, third and fourth editions, U. of Texas.
  • Rotary Drilling Handbook, sixth edition, J.e. Brantly (ed.) Palmer Pub., New York City.

see also


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Drilling is the impact of special equipment on soil layers, as a result of which a well is formed in the ground through which valuable resources will be extracted. The process of drilling oil wells is carried out in different directions of work, which depend on the location of the soil or rock formation: it can be horizontal, vertical or inclined.

As a result of the work, a cylindrical void in the form of a straight trunk, or well, is formed in the ground. Its diameter may vary depending on the purpose, but it is always less than the length parameter. The beginning of the well is located on the soil surface. The walls are called the trunk, and the bottom of the well is called the bottom.

Key milestones

If medium and light equipment can be used for water wells, then only heavy equipment can be used for drilling an oil well. The drilling process can only be carried out using special equipment.

The process itself is divided into the following stages:

  • Delivery of equipment to the site where the work will be carried out.
  • The actual drilling of the mine. The process includes several works, one of which is deepening the shaft, which occurs through regular washing and further destruction of the rock.
  • To prevent the wellbore from being destroyed and clogging it, the rock layers are strengthened. For this purpose, a special column of interconnected pipes is laid into the space. The space between the pipe and the rock is fixed with cement mortar: this work is called plugging.
  • The last job is mastery. The last layer of rock is opened there, a bottom-hole zone is formed, and the mine is perforated and fluid is drained.

Site preparation

To organize the process of drilling an oil well, it will also be necessary to carry out a preparatory stage. If development is carried out in a forest area, it is required, in addition to completing basic documentation, to obtain consent for the work from the forestry enterprise. Preparation of the site itself includes the following steps:


  1. Cutting down trees on the site.
  2. Dividing the zone into separate parts of the land.
  3. Drawing up a work plan.
  4. Creation of a settlement to house the workforce.
  5. Preparing the foundation for a drilling station.
  6. Carrying out markings at the work site.
  7. Creation of foundations for the installation of tanks in a warehouse with flammable materials.
  8. Arrangement of warehouses, delivery and debugging of equipment.

After this, it is necessary to begin preparing the equipment directly for drilling oil wells. This stage includes the following processes:

  • Installation and testing of equipment.
  • Wiring of lines for power supply.
  • Installation of bases and auxiliary elements for the tower.
  • Installation of the tower and lifting to the desired height.
  • Debugging of all equipment.

When the equipment for drilling oil wells is ready for operation, it is necessary to obtain a conclusion from a special commission that the equipment is in good condition and ready for work, and the personnel have sufficient knowledge of safety rules for this kind of production. When checking, it is clarified whether the lighting devices have the correct design (they must have an explosion-resistant casing), and whether lighting with a voltage of 12V is installed along the depth of the shaft. Remarks regarding performance and safety must be taken into account in advance.

Before starting work on drilling a well, it is necessary to install a pit, bring in pipes to strengthen the drill shaft, a bit, small special equipment for auxiliary work, casing pipes, instruments for measurements during drilling, provide water supply and resolve other issues.

The drilling site contains accommodation facilities for workers, technical premises, a laboratory building for analyzing soil samples and the results obtained, warehouses for equipment and small working tools, as well as medical care and safety equipment.

Features of drilling an oil well

After installation, the processes of re-equipping the traveling system begin: during this work, equipment is installed, and small mechanical means are tested. Installing the mast opens the process of drilling into the soil; the direction should not diverge from the axial center of the tower.

After the alignment is completed, a well is created according to the direction: this process means installing a pipe to strengthen the trunk and filling the initial part with cement. After setting the direction, the alignment between the tower itself and the rotor axes is adjusted again.

Drilling for a hole is carried out in the center of the trunk, and during the work, casing is done using pipes. When drilling a hole, a turbo drill is used; to adjust the rotation speed, it is necessary to hold it with a rope, which is fixed on the tower itself, and physically held by the other part.

A couple of days before the launch of the drilling rig, when the preparatory stage has passed, a conference is held with the participation of members of the administration: technologists, geologists, engineers, drillers. Issues discussed at the conference include the following:

  • Layout of strata in an oil field: a layer of clay, a layer of sandstone with water carriers, a layer of oil deposits.
  • Design features of the well.
  • Rock composition at the research and development point.
  • Taking into account possible difficulties and complicating factors that may arise when drilling an oil well in a particular case.
  • Review and analysis of the standard map.
  • Consideration of issues related to trouble-free wiring.

Documents and equipment: basic requirements

The process of drilling an oil well can begin only after a number of documents have been completed. These include the following:

  • Permission to start operating the drilling site.
  • Map of standards.
  • Journal on drilling fluids.
  • Journal on ensuring labor safety at work.
  • Accounting for the functioning of diesel engines.
  • Shift log.

To the main mechanical equipment and consumables that are used in the process of drilling a well, The following types include:

  • Equipment for cementing, the cement mortar itself.
  • Safety equipment.
  • Logging mechanisms.
  • Process water.
  • Reagents for various purposes.
  • Water for drinking.
  • Pipes for casing and actual drilling.
  • Helicopter pad.

Well types

In the process of drilling an oil well, a shaft is formed in the rock, which is checked for the presence of oil or gas by perforating the shaft, which stimulates the influx of the desired substance from the productive area. After this, the drilling equipment is dismantled, the well is sealed indicating the start and end dates of drilling, and then the garbage is removed and the metal parts are disposed of.

At the beginning of the process, the trunk diameter is up to 90 cm, and by the end it rarely reaches 16.5 cm. During the work, the construction of a well is done in several stages:

  1. Deepening the bottom of the well, for which drilling equipment is used: it crushes the rock.
  2. Removing debris from the mine.
  3. Secure the trunk using pipes and cement.
  4. Work during which the resulting fault is examined and productive locations of oil are identified.
  5. Descent of depth and its cementing.

Wells can vary in depth and are divided into the following types:

  • Small (up to 1500 meters).
  • Medium (up to 4500 meters).
  • Deep (up to 6000 meters).
  • Ultra-deep (more than 6000 meters).

Drilling a well involves crushing a single rock formation with a chisel. The resulting parts are removed by washing with a special solution; The depth of the mine becomes greater when the entire face area is destroyed.

Problems during oil drilling

While drilling wells, you may encounter a number of technical problems that will slow down or make work almost impossible. These include the following phenomena:

  • Trunk destruction, collapses.
  • Discharge of liquid into the soil for flushing (removing parts of rock).
  • Emergency conditions of equipment or mine.
  • Errors in drilling the barrel.

Most often, wall collapses occur due to the fact that the rock has an unstable structure. A sign of a collapse is increased pressure, greater viscosity of the fluid used for flushing, as well as an increased number of pieces of rock that come to the surface.

Liquid absorption most often occurs when the underlying formation completely absorbs the solution. Its porous system or high degree of absorbency contributes to this phenomenon.

During the process of drilling a well, the projectile, which moves clockwise, reaches the bottom and rises back. The drilling of the well reaches the bedrock formations, into which cutting up to 1.5 meters occurs. To prevent the well from being washed out, a pipe is immersed at the beginning, which also serves as a means of carrying the flushing solution directly into the trench.

The drill bit, as well as the spindle, can rotate at different speeds and frequencies; this indicator depends on what types of rocks need to be punched and what diameter of the crown will be formed. The speed is controlled by a regulator, which regulates the level of load on the bit used for drilling. During the work, the necessary pressure is created, which is exerted on the walls of the face and the cutters of the projectile itself.

Well drilling design

Before starting the process of creating an oil well, a project is drawn up in the form of a drawing, which outlines the following aspects:

  • Properties of the discovered rocks (resistance to destruction, hardness, degree of water content).
  • The depth of the well, its angle of inclination.
  • The diameter of the shaft at the end: this is important to determine the extent to which it is affected by the hardness of the rock.
  • Well drilling method.

Designing an oil well must begin with determining the depth, the final diameter of the shaft itself, as well as the level of drilling and design features. Geological analysis allows us to resolve these issues, regardless of the type of well.


Drilling methods

The process of creating a well for oil production can be carried out in several ways:

  • Shock-rope method.
  • Work using rotary mechanisms.
  • Drilling a well using a downhole motor.
  • Turbine type drilling.
  • Drilling a well using a screw motor.
  • Drilling a well using an electric drill.

The first method is one of the most well-known and proven methods, and in this case the shaft is pierced with chisel blows, which are carried out at certain intervals. The blows are made through the influence of the weight of the chisel and the weighted rod. The lifting of the equipment occurs due to the balancer of the drilling equipment.

Working with rotary equipment is based on the rotation of the mechanism using a rotor, which is placed at the wellhead through drilling pipes that perform the function of a shaft. Drilling small wells is done through the participation of a spindle motor in the process. The rotary drive is connected to a cardan and a winch: this device allows you to control the speed at which the shafts rotate.

Drilling with a turbine is carried out by transmitting rotating torque to the column from a motor. The same method allows you to transfer hydraulic energy. With this method, only one energy supply channel operates at the level before the face.

A turbo drill is a special mechanism that converts hydraulic energy in solution pressure into mechanical energy, which ensures rotation.

The process of drilling an oil well consists of lowering and lifting the column into the shaft, as well as holding it suspended. A column is a prefabricated structure made of pipes that are connected to each other using special locks. The main task is to transfer different types of energy to the bit. In this way, movement is carried out, leading to the deepening and development of the well.

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