Electromagnetic motors are devices that operate on the principle of induction. Some people call them electromechanical converters. A side effect of these devices is considered to be excessive heat generation. There are models of constant and variable types.
Devices are also distinguished by rotor type. In particular, there are short-circuited and phase modifications. The scope of application of electromagnetic motors is very wide. They can be found in household appliances, as well as industrial units. They are also actively used in aircraft construction.
Engine diagram
The electromagnetic motor circuit includes a stator as well as a rotor. Collectors are usually of the brush type. The rotor consists of a shaft as well as a tip. Fans are often installed to cool the system. For free rotation of the shaft there are roller bearings. There are also modifications with magnetic cores, which are an integral part of the stator. A slip ring is located above the rotor. Powerful modifications use a retractor relay. The current is directly supplied through the cable.
Engine operating principle
As mentioned earlier, the principle of operation is based on: When the model is connected, a magnetic field is formed. Then the voltage on the winding increases. The rotor is driven by the force of the magnetic field. The rotational speed of the device primarily depends on the number of magnetic poles. The collector in this case plays the role of a stabilizer. Current is supplied to the circuit through the stator. It is also important to note that shrouds and seals are used to protect the engine.
How to do it yourself?
Making a regular electromagnetic motor with your own hands is quite simple. The first thing you should do is the rotor. To do this, you will have to find a metal rod that will act as a shaft. You will also need two powerful magnets. There must be a winding on the stator. Next, all that remains is to install the brush collector. Homemade electromagnetic motors are connected to the network through a conductor.
Modifications for cars
Electromagnetic ones are manufactured only of the collector type. Their average power is 40 kW. In turn, the rated current parameter is 30 A. The stators in this case are two-pole. Some modifications have fans used to cool the system.
The devices also have special openings for air circulation. Rotors in engines are installed with metal cores. Seals are used to protect the shaft. The stator in this case is located in a casing. Electromagnetic motors for machines with solenoid relays are rare. On average, the diameter of the shaft does not exceed 3.5 cm.
Aircraft devices
The operation of engines of this type is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. For this purpose, stators are used of a three-pole type. Also, electromagnetic aircraft engines include brushless commutators. Terminal boxes in devices are located above the slip rings. An integral part of the stator is the armature. The shaft rotates thanks to roller bearings. Some modifications use brush holders. It is also important to mention the different types of terminal boxes. In this case, a lot depends on the power of the modification. Electromagnetic engines for aircraft are equipped with fans for cooling purposes.
Motor generators
Electromagnetic motor-generators are produced with special bendixes. The device circuit also includes pull-in relays. Cores are used to start the rotor. Stators in devices are used of a two-pole type. The shaft itself is mounted on roller bearings. Most engines have a rubber plug. Thus, the rotor wears out slowly. There are also modifications with brush holders.
Squirrel-cage models
An electromagnetic motor with a squirrel-cage rotor is often installed in household appliances. The average power of the models is 4 kW. The stators themselves are of the two-pole type. The rotors are mounted at the rear of the engine. The models have a small diameter shaft. Today, asynchronous modifications are most often produced.
There are no terminal boxes in the devices. Special pole pieces are used to supply current. The engine circuit also includes magnetic circuits. They are mounted near the stators. It is also important to note that devices are available with and without brush holders. If we consider the first option, then in this case special ones are installed. Thus, the stator is protected from the magnetic field. Devices without a brush holder have a seal. Bendix motors are installed behind the stator. Dowels are used to secure them. The disadvantage of these devices is the rapid wear of the core. It occurs due to increased temperature in the engine.
Modifications with wound rotor
The wound rotor electromagnetic motor is installed on machine tools and is often used in heavy industry. In this case, magnetic cores are equipped with armatures. A distinctive feature of the devices is considered to be large shafts. The voltage is directly supplied to the winding through the stator. A brush holder is used to rotate the shaft. Some of them have slip rings installed. It is also important to note that the power of the models is on average 45 kW. The motors can be directly powered only from an alternating current network.
Commutator electromagnetic motor: operating principle
Collector modifications are actively used for electric drives. Their operating principle is quite simple. After voltage is applied to the circuit, the rotor is activated. starts the induction process. Excitation of the winding causes the rotor shaft to rotate. This activates the device disk. Bearings are used to reduce friction. It is also important to note that the models are equipped with brush holders. There is often a fan at the back of the devices. To prevent the shaft from rubbing against the seal, a protective ring is used.
Brushless modifications
Brushless modifications are not common these days. They are used for ventilation systems. Their distinctive feature is considered to be noiselessness. However, it should be taken into account that the models are produced with low power. On average, this parameter does not exceed 12 kW. The stators in them are often installed of a two-pole type. The shafts used are short. Special seals are used to enclose the rotor. Sometimes engines are enclosed in a casing that has ventilation ducts.
Models with independent excitation
Modifications of this type are distinguished by terminal magnetic circuits. In this case, the devices operate on a network only with alternating current. Direct voltage is first supplied to the stator. The rotors of the models are made with collectors. Some modifications have power up to 55 kW.
The devices differ in the type of anchors. Brush holders are often mounted on a retaining ring. It is also important to note that the manifolds in the devices are used with seals. In this case, the disks are located behind the stators. Many engines do not have bendixes.
Self-excited motor diagram
Electromagnetic motors of this type can boast high power. In this case, the windings are of the high-voltage type. Voltage is supplied through the terminal contacts. The rotor is directly attached to the brush holder. The operating current level in the devices is 30 A. Some modifications use armatures with brush holders.
There are also devices with single-pole stators. The shaft itself is located in the center of the engine. If we consider high-power devices, they use a fan to cool the system. There are also small holes on the casing.
Parallel Excitation Models
Electromagnetic motors of this type are made on the basis of brush commutators. There are no anchors in this case. The shaft in the devices is mounted on roller bearings. Also, special paws are used to reduce the friction force. Some configurations have magnetic cores. Models can only be connected to a DC network.
It is also important to note that the market mainly consists of three-stroke modifications. The brush holders in the devices are made in the form of cylinders. The models differ in power. On average, the operating current at idle does not exceed 50 A. To enhance the electromagnetic field, rotors with high-voltage windings are used. Some configurations use tips on magnetic cores.
Series excitation devices
The operating principle of this type of engine is quite simple. The voltage is directly supplied to the stator. Next, the current passes through the rotor winding. At this stage, the primary winding is excited. As a result, the rotor is driven. However, it should be taken into account that the motors can only operate in an alternating current network. In this case, the tips are used with a magnetic core.
Some devices are equipped with brush holders. The power of the models ranges from 20 to 60 kW. Retaining rings are used to secure the shaft. The bendixes in this case are located at the bottom of the structure. There are no terminal blocks. It is also important to note that the shaft is installed in different diameters.
Mixed excitation motors
Electromagnetic motors of this type can only be used for drives. The rotor here is most often installed with a primary winding. In this case, the power indicator does not exceed 40 kW. The rated overload of the system is about 30 A. The stator in the devices is of a three-pole type. The specified motor can only be connected to an alternating current network. Their terminal boxes are used with contacts.
Some modifications are equipped with brush holders. Devices with fans are also available on the market. Seals are most often located above the stators. The devices operate on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Primary excitation is carried out on the stator magnetic circuit. It is also important to note that the devices use high-voltage windings. Protective rings are used to secure the shaft.
AC devices
The circuit diagram of this type of model includes a two-pole type stator. On average, the power of the device is 40 kW. The rotor here is used with a primary winding. There are also modifications that have bendixes. They are installed at the stator and play the role of an electromagnetic field stabilizer.
A drive gear is used to rotate the shaft. In this case, the paws are installed to reduce the friction force. Pole pieces are also used. Covers are used to protect the mechanism. The magnetic cores of the models are installed only with anchors. On average, the operating current in the system is maintained at 45 A.
Synchronous devices
The circuit includes a two-pole stator as well as a brush commutator. Some devices use a magnetic circuit. If we consider household modifications, they use brush holders. The average power parameter is 30 kW. Devices with fans are rare. Some models use gear drives.
To cool the engine, there are ventilation holes on the casing. In this case, the retaining ring is installed at the base of the shaft. The winding is of low voltage type. The operating principle of synchronous modification is based on the induction of an electromagnetic field. To do this, magnets of different power are installed in the stator. When the winding is excited, the shaft begins to rotate. However, its frequency is low. Powerful models have collectors with relays.
Asynchronous motor diagram
Asynchronous models are compact and often used in household appliances. However, they are also in demand in heavy industry. First of all, their security should be noted. Rotors in devices are used only of the single-pole type. However, stators are installed with magnetic cores. In this case, the winding is of a high-voltage type. To stabilize the electromagnetic field there is a bendix.
It is attached to the device thanks to a key. The retractor relay in them is located behind the armature. The shaft of the device rotates on special roller bearings. It is also important to note that there are modifications with brushless commutators. They are mainly used for drives of various powers. The cores in this case are installed elongated, and they are located behind the magnetic cores.
The designs of electromagnetic motors are just becoming known; they are not widely used. To this day, the theme of perpetual motion excites designers all over the world. The cost of electricity is quite low when compared with gasoline or diesel fuel. Every person wants to have at hand an eternal device that will work without requiring maintenance and a large amount of fuel. Engines with electromagnetic valves (internal combustion) operate more efficiently, but it is still not possible to achieve high efficiency and reduce energy costs.
Engineers choose permanent magnets as the basis for their designs. They have enormous energy that you just need to know how to use. Engines made using such technologies are quite simple to manufacture. But it’s unlikely that everyone will be able to squeeze out the maximum amount of energy at home. There are many reasons for this, the main one being the complexity of the structures.
Energy of permanent magnets
Each permanent magnet has a very strong field with high energy. Therefore, many developers of electromagnetic motors try to convert the magnetic field into mechanical energy, causing the rotor to rotate continuously. For comparison:
- During combustion, coal is capable of releasing approximately 33 J/g of energy.
- For oil this figure is 44 J/g.
- Radioactive uranium has 43 billion J/g.
In theory, a permanent magnet can release about 17 billion Joules per gram (which is about a third of that of uranium). But the efficiency of the magnet will not be 100%. The service life of ferrite-based magnets is no more than 70 years. But this is despite the fact that it is not affected by large temperature changes, physical and magnetic loads. Of course, an electromagnetic engine will not replace a V8 gasoline unit, but it can be used on light equipment.
The industry currently produces magnets that are made from rare metals. They are tens of times more powerful than simple ferrite ones. Consequently, the efficiency of their use is much higher. If such a permanent magnet loses its strength, it can easily be recharged. To do this, it is enough to influence it with a magnetic field with great force. They can be used in engines with solenoid valves. They do not have a camshaft; its functions are taken over by electronics.
Patents for electromagnetic machines
Many engineers have already patented their engine designs. But no one has yet been able to implement a workable perpetual motion machine. Such devices have not yet been mastered, are rarely introduced into technology, and are unlikely to be found on sale. Solenoid valves are used much more often (diesel engines operate more stably under electronic control and are capable of delivering more power). Some designers are confident that electromagnetic motors are not brought to serial production, because all developments are classified. And most of the problems in such engines have not yet been completely resolved.
Brief overview of famous designs
Among the large number of magnetic motor designs, the following can be distinguished:
- Kalinin magnetic type motors. The design is completely inoperable, since the spring compensator mechanism has not been completed.
- Magnetic-mechanical motor designed by Dudyshev. If properly tuned, such engines can operate almost forever.
- “Perendev” are electromagnetic motors made according to the classical design. A compensator is installed on the rotor, but it is not capable of operating without commutation when passing the dead center. And in order for the rotor to pass the holding dead point, switching can be done in two ways - using an electromagnet and a mechanical device. Such a design cannot claim the title of “perpetual motion machine”. And even a simple asynchronous motor will have a much higher electromagnetic torque.
- Electromagnetic motors designed by Minato. Made according to the classical scheme, it is a conventional electromagnetic motor, which has a very high efficiency. Taking into account the fact that the design cannot achieve 100% efficiency, it does not work as a “perpetual motion machine”.
- Johnson motors are analogues of Perendev, but they have less energy.
- Shkondin motor-generators are a structure that operates using the force of magnetic repulsion. Compensators are not used in motors. They are not capable of operating in “perpetual motion” mode; the efficiency is no more than 80%. The design is very complex, since it contains a commutator and a brush assembly.
- The most advanced mechanism is the motor-generator designed by Adams. This is a very well-known design, it works on the same principle as the Shkodin motor. But unlike the latter, repulsion occurs from the end of the electromagnet. The design of the device is much simpler than that of Shkondin. The efficiency can be 100%, but only if the electromagnet winding is switched using a short pulse with high intensity from a capacitor. It cannot work in “perpetual motion” mode.
- Reversible electromagnetic motor. The magnetic rotor is located outside, and a stator made of electromagnets is installed inside. The efficiency is close to 100%, since the magnetic circuit is open. Such an electromagnetic solenoid motor is capable of operating in two modes - motor and generator.
Other designs
There are many other designs, including workable ones, but they are built according to the above schemes. Electromagnetic-type motor-generators are gaining immense popularity among enthusiasts, and some designs have already been introduced into serial production. But these are, as a rule, the simplest mechanisms. Electric bicycles have recently often used a motor-wheel designed by Shkondin. But for normal operation of any electromagnetic motor, there must be a source of energy. Even an electromagnetic solenoid motor will not be able to operate without additional power.
Such mechanisms cannot do without a battery. It is necessary to energize the electromagnet winding in order to create a field and spin the rotor to the minimum frequency. In essence, the result is an electromagnetic DC motor that is capable of energy recovery. In other words, the motor only works when accelerating, and when braking it switches to generator mode. Any electric car that can be found on sale has these features. Some simply do not have a braking system as such; the functions of the pads are performed by engines operating in generator mode. The greater the load on the winding, the stronger the reaction force will be.
Design of an electromagnetic motor-generator
The device consists of the following components:
- Magnetic engine. There is a permanent magnet on the rotor, and an electric one on the stator.
- An electromechanical type generator located in the same place as the engine.
Static-type stator electromagnets are made on a magnetic core in the shape of a ring and cut out segments.
The design also contains an inductive coil and a commutator that allows the current to be reversed in it. A permanent magnet is installed on the rotor. There must be an engine with an electromagnetic clutch; with its help, the rotor is connected to the generator shaft. The design must have an autonomous inverter, which performs the function of a simple regulator.
The circuit of the simplest bridge autonomous inverter is used; it is connected to the output of the inductive winding of an electric magnet. The power input is connected to the battery. The electromagnetic generator is connected either to the winding or via a rectifier to the battery.
Bridge type electronic switch
The simplest design of an electronic switch is made using four power switches. Each arm of the bridge circuit contains two powerful transistors and the same number of electronic switches with one-way conductivity. Opposite the rotor of the magnetic motor there are two sensors that monitor the position of the permanent magnet on it. They are located as close as possible to the rotor. The functions of this sensor are performed by a simple device that can operate under the influence of a magnetic field - a reed switch.
Sensors that read the position of the permanent magnet on the rotor are placed as follows:
- The first is located at the end of the solenoid.
- The second is located with a 90 degree shift.
The sensor outputs are connected to a logic device, which amplifies the signal and then supplies it to the control inputs of semiconductor transistors. The solenoid valve for stopping an internal combustion engine also operates using similar circuits.
A load is installed on the windings of an electric generator. The power supply circuits of the coil and switch contain elements designed for control and protection. Using an automatic switch, you can disconnect the battery so that the entire machine is powered by an electric generator (autonomous mode).
Design features of the magnetic motor
When compared with similar devices, the above design has the following features:
- Very economical electromagnets are used.
- The rotor contains a permanent magnet that rotates inside the arc electromagnet.
In the gaps of the electromagnet, the polarity constantly changes. The rotor is made of non-magnetic materials, and it is desirable that it be heavy. It performs the function of an inertial flywheel. But in the design of the engine stop solenoid valve it is necessary to use a core made of magnetic materials.
Electromagnet calculation
To make an approximate calculation of an electric magnet, it is necessary to set the traction force required for the motor. Let's say you need to calculate an electric magnet with a traction force of 100 N (10 kg). Now after this you can calculate the design parameters of the electromagnet if its gap is 10-20 mm. The traction force that is developed by an electromagnet is calculated as follows:
- The induction in the air gap and the area of the pole are multiplied. Induction is measured in Tesla, area - in square meters.
- The resulting value must be divided by the value of the magnetic permeability of air. It is equal to 1.256 x 10^-6 H/m.
If you set the induction to 1.1 T, then you can calculate the cross-sectional area of the magnetic circuit:
- The traction force is multiplied by the magnetic permeability of the air.
- The resulting value must be divided by the square of the induction in the gap.
For transformer steel, which is used in magnetic cores, the induction is on average 1.1 Tesla. Using the magnetization curve of mild steel, the average magnetic field strength can be determined. If you design an electric magnet correctly, you will achieve maximum flux strength. Moreover, the power consumption of the winding will be minimal.
Parameters of permanent magnets
To make an electromagnetic motor with your own hands, you will need to select all the components. And the most important thing is permanent magnets. They have three main characteristics:
- Residual magnetic induction, which allows you to determine the magnitude of the flux. In the case when magnets with very high induction are permanently installed on the generator, the voltage at the output of the windings will increase proportionally. Consequently, the power of the generating set increases.
- The energy product allows the flow to “pierce” air gaps. The larger the energy product, the smaller the size of the entire system.
- The coercive force determines the value of the magnetic voltage. When magnets with high coercivity are used in generators, the field can easily overcome any air gap. If there are a lot of turns in the stator, then the current will be maintained without unnecessary energy consumption.
Types of permanent magnets
To stop the engine, the solenoid valve must be powered from a powerful source. Or you can use strong magnets. Therefore, it is advisable to use such designs on powerful equipment. And in order to make a motor-generator yourself, it is advisable to use ferrite or neodymium magnets. Characteristics of permanent magnets:
- Ferrite-barium: induction in the air gap at the level of 0.2-0.4 T; energy product 10-30 kJ/cu. m; coercive force 130-200 kA/m. Cost from 100 to 400 rubles. per kilogram. Operating temperature no more than 250 degrees.
- Ferrite-strontium: induction in the air gap at the level of 0.35-0.4 T; energy product 20-30 kJ/cu. m; coercive force 230-250 kA/m. Cost from 100 to 400 rubles. per kilogram. Operating temperature no more than 250 degrees.
- Neodymium magnets: induction in the air gap at the level of 0.8-1.4 T; energy product 200-400 kJ/cubic. m; coercive force 600-1200 kA/m. Cost from 2000 to 3000 rubles. per kilogram. Operating temperature no more than 200 degrees.
Barium permanent magnets are half the price of neodymium ones. But the dimensions of generators based on such magnets are much larger. For this reason, it is best to use neodymium magnets in homemade electromagnetic motors. An engine with an electromagnetic brake made from such materials will be able to recover much more energy when stopping.
Curtain motors
Generators equipped with alternating current electromagnets can be designed according to a different design. DC electric magnets can also be used successfully. Moreover, there is no need to install a switch and a device for reversing the polarity of the ends in the gaps using current reversal. These actions can significantly simplify the entire power section and control of the magnetic motor.
But you will have to install a magnetic screen, which will be switched mechanically. It is imperative to synchronously screen the magnetic poles on the stator and rotor at the right time. The power of the electromagnetic motor will not be affected by this, since there will be virtually no losses during mechanical adjustment. The operation of an engine with mechanical adjustment occurs in the same way as with electronic adjustment.
Dudyshev curtain motor
A stationary ring electromagnet with a winding is installed on the stator. There is a small gap between the magnetic core and the rotor. The rotor contains a permanent magnet and curtains. These are magnetic screens, they are located on the outside and rotate independently of the rotor. On the engine shaft there is a flywheel and a starter-generator. There is a winding located on the stator electromagnet, which is connected via a rectifier to the starter-generator.
This design is started using a starter, which is located on the same shaft as the motor. After the electric motor starts and it returns to normal operation, the starter begins to work as a generator, that is, it generates voltage. The curtains move on the disk as the rotor turns as synchronously as possible. This ensures cyclic shielding of the electromagnet poles of the same name.
In other words, it is imperative to ensure, using various technical means, that the disk with shutters and the rotor move in such a way that the screens are located between the like poles of a stationary electric magnet and a permanent one on the rotor. Possibilities of operating an electric magnetic motor in steady state:
- When the rotor rotates forcibly, it is possible to generate electricity using a generator.
- If you connect an inductive winding to it, the machine is switched to motor-generator mode. In this case, rotation is transmitted to the combined shaft; the electromagnetic motor operates in two modes.
The simplest design of a motor-generator
The torque of the electromagnetic motor can be almost any. If you implement the simplest design with low power, then this can be done using a conventional electric meter. True, such designs are no longer used to control electricity consumption. But you can find them. A disk electric meter is a ready-made engine mechanism. It contains:
- Electric magnet with inductive winding.
- Rotor made of non-magnetic material.
The only things missing are the permanent magnets on the rotor and the commutator. The gap between the lower and upper parts of the magnetic circuit is relatively small. Thanks to this, it is possible to increase the torque. But it is imperative that the gap in the magnetic core be sufficient for a rotor with permanent magnets to pass through it.
It is advisable to use from 3 to 6 powerful magnets, the height should be no more than 10 mm. They must be mounted on the rotor as rigidly as possible, using special clips made of non-magnetic materials. The switch is made in the form of a bridge-type inverter and is connected to the output of the electric magnet winding. When the engine starts, power is supplied from the battery.
The “heart” of any moving model is the engine. Most models use DC or AC electric motors. The rotation of the output axis of such a motor is transmitted to the wheels of the model through a gearbox. An air-powered engine is used less frequently. These are small-sized compression motors with a propeller, installed on high-speed floating, flying and racing models.
There is another type of motor - a solenoid motor, the operating principle of which is based on the magnetic action of current. Few people know it, but at the same time it is the easiest to manufacture, and this is its main advantage.
The coil through which the current is passed draws in the iron core - the plunger. The movement of the core can be converted into rotational movement of the shaft by using a connecting rod and crank mechanism. One, two, three or more coils should be taken, accordingly changing the distribution mechanism for the current. The easiest way is to make a two-coil motor (see drawing).
The three-coil engine is somewhat more complex, but it has more power and runs more smoothly (even without a flywheel). It works like this: current from the network flows through the brush of one of the solenoids to the current distributor, then goes to this solenoid. Having passed through the winding, the current returns to the network through the common rings and the distributor brush. The strong magnetic field that arises in this case draws a plunger into the coil, which tends to the middle of the coil, and the connecting rod and crank turn the crankshaft. The current distributor rotates together with the shaft, allowing the next solenoid to enter.
The second solenoid is turned on while the first one is operating, thereby helping it at the right moment, when the thrust force of the first plunger weakens (as the length of the force arm decreases when the crank is turned). After the second solenoid, the third one turns on. Then everything is repeated.
The best frames of coils (solenoids) are made from textolite, another material is strong wood (see dimensions in the drawing). The coils are wound with PEL-1 wire with a diameter of 0.2-0.3 mm, 8-10 thousand turns each, so that the resistance of each of them is 200-400 ohms. The coils need to be wound until the frame is filled, making spacers from any thin paper every 500 turns. For more powerful motors, coils with a resistance of at least 200 ohms are needed.
The plungers are made of mild steel (iron). Their length is 40 mm, diameter 11 mm.
The connecting rod can be easily made from a bicycle spoke (see drawing). Its length is 30 mm (between the centers of the heads). The upper head of the connecting rod is a ring-shaped eye with an internal diameter of 3 mm. The lower head has a special grip for the crankshaft journal. You need to solder two strips of tin to the straight end of the connecting rod - you will get a fork that fits onto the crank neck. To prevent the plug from jumping off, there are holes at the ends of the strips for copper wire to tighten the plug.
The connecting rod forks are mounted on bushings made of brass, bronze or copper tubes with an outer diameter of 4 mm and an inner diameter of 3 mm.
The crankshaft (see drawing) is made from the spoke of a K-58 motorcycle wheel. It is quite difficult to bend a good shaft from a spoke, so it is made of four parts connected by crank journals with a diameter of 3 mm and a length of 18 mm. The shaft cranks are located at an angle of 120°. The ends of the spokes, which already have the desired shape, are first riveted, and then holes with a diameter of 3 mm are drilled for the crank pins. Once the crank journals are in place, they should be soldered on the non-working side.
On one side of the shaft, a current distributor is mounted, and on the other, a flywheel with a diameter of 40 mm (it is also a pulley with a groove for a belt).
The current distributor resembles the commutator of an electric motor.
Current flows through the coil during a 180° turn. Thus, the other solenoid helps the first one at the end of its operating period. The current distributor is made from a brass hunting sleeve of any caliber or any other tube with a diameter of 15-20 mm.
Having cut off the sleeve, you should cut it into four rings 5 mm wide. One end is in the form of a whole ring, and the other three are half rings, rotated relative to each other by 120°. Brushes are made of steel wire, slightly riveted, or any spring plates no more than 3-4 mm wide.
Distributor half rings are even easier to manufacture. You need to take a 20 mm long sleeve again. One end is also left in the form of a ring 5 mm wide, and the other in the form of a half ring 15 mm wide. But
These parts should be mounted with BF-2 glue. The roller is clamped onto the shaft with nuts (first cut a thread in the place of the nozzle) or secured with a key (needle).
The current distributor is placed on the shaft so that the first coil is turned on at the moment when its plunger is in the lowest position. If you swap the two wires going from the coils to the brushes, you will get the shaft rotating in the opposite direction. The connection diagram is in the drawing.
The coils are installed vertically and compressed by two wooden strips with recesses for the sides of the coils. Perpendicular to the planks, side posts (plywood or sheet metal) are strengthened on both sides. Bearings under the shaft or simply brass bushings are installed in the side posts.
If the side posts are metal, then the bearings are soldered, and if they are plywood, plywood circles with a diameter of 20 mm must be glued to the installation sites of the bearings to thicken the sockets. It is advisable to install bearings in the middle part of the crankshaft. Intermediate bearings are reinforced with special stands made of wood or tin.
To prevent the crankshaft from moving to the sides, rings of copper wire are soldered at its ends, at a distance of 0.5 mm from the bearings. Be sure to protect the engine with a cover made of tin, plywood or plexiglass.
The motor is designed for a 220 V AC network, but can also operate on DC. It is not difficult to adapt to a 127 V network, reducing the number of turns of the coils by 4-5 thousand and increasing the wire cross-section to 0.4 mm. With careful manufacturing of the motor, a power of 30-50 watts at the shaft is guaranteed.
Any young technician can make such an engine; it is better to do it in a club or school workshop.
This video shows a DIY Radial Solenoid Engine. This is a radial electromagnetic motor, its operation is tested in different modes. It is shown how the magnets are located, which are not glued, they are pressed with a disk and wrapped with electrical tape. But at high speeds, displacement still occurs and they tend to move away from the structure.
This test involves three coils that are connected in series. Battery voltage 12V. The position of the magnets is determined using a Hall sensor. We measure the current consumption of the coil using a multimeter.
Let's conduct a test to determine the number of revolutions on three coils. Rotation speed is approximately 3600 rpm. The circuit is assembled on a breadboard. Powered by a 12 volt battery, the circuit includes a stabilizer and two LEDs connected to a hall sensor. 2-channel hall sensor AH59, with one channel opening when the south and north poles of a magnet pass nearby. The LEDs blink periodically. Controlling powerful field effect transistor IRFP2907.
Hall sensor operation
There are two LEDs on the breadboard. Each is connected to its own sensor channel. The rotor has neodymium magnets. Their poles alternate according to the north-south-north pattern. The south and north poles alternately pass near the Hall sensor. The higher the rotor speed, the faster the LEDs blink.
The rotation speed is controlled by a Hall sensor. The multimeter determines the current consumption on one of the coils by moving the Hall sensor. The number of revolutions changes. The higher the motor speed, the higher the current consumption.
Now all the coils are connected in series and participate in the test. The multimeter will also read the current consumption. Measuring the rotor speed showed a maximum of 7000 rpm. When all coils are connected, the start occurs smoothly and without external influence. When three coils are connected, you need to help with your hand. When the rotor is braked by hand, the current consumption increases.
Six coils are connected. Three coils in one phase, three in another. The device removes current. Each phase is controlled by a field effect transistor.
Measuring the number of rotor revolutions. The starting currents have increased and the rated current has also increased. The engine reaches its rev limit faster at approximately 6,900 rpm. It is very difficult to brake the engine by hand.
The three coils are connected to 12 volt power. The other 3 coils are shorted by wire. The engine began to gain speed more slowly. The device takes current consumption. The three coils are connected to 12 volt power. These three coils are closed by a wire. The rotor spins more slowly, but reaches maximum speed and works fine.
The multimeter takes the circuit current from three coils. Short circuit current. Four coils are connected in series. Their cores are parallel to the rotor magnets.
The device measures current consumption. It accelerates more slowly, but there is no sticking point with this coil arrangement. The rotor rotates freely.
Conditions, then this scripture is especially for you.
We also suggest watching a step-by-step video before starting work, so that you can understand more clearly how and what is being done.
To make the engine we will need:
- a large wheel from a toy car;
- pen;
- a bolt or nail with a thickness no greater than the diameter of the thickness of the handle;
- wine stopper;
- some screws;
- paper clips;
- steel wire with a diameter of 3.8 mm and a diameter of 1.3 mm;
- 1 meter of ordinary electrical wire;
- insulated copper wire with a diameter of 0.4 mm;
- a 12 volt power supply to power our engine;
- a wooden block of any size that will serve as the basis for the engine;
- pliers;
- side cutters;
- screwdrivers;
- caliper;
- round pliers;
- hacksaw;
- drills 1.4 and 3.8 mm;
- hacksaw;
- glue gun;
- screwdriver-drill.
First of all, we need to assemble the salt pan. To do this we need a hacksaw, a wine stopper, a compass and a handle.
Let's disassemble the handle.
We need to cut off the threaded part from the handle; for this we use a hacksaw blade.
We trim the ends and remove burrs with a file.
The next step is to make small discs 5 mm thick from wine cork.
In the center of each disk we make a hole with a diameter equal to the outer diameter of our handle.
Now, using hot glue, we will glue our boards to different ends of the handle. We've got the base.
Let's start winding the coil, for this we take 0.4 mm wire and wind 500-600 turns.
The main thing is that all 600 skeins are in one direction.
Pass the end of the wire through the plug block.
Now let's move on to making the piston. We take a bolt or nail and cut off the head with a hacksaw blade.
We make a perpendicular cut and a small through hole.
Now we need to make a connecting rod. To make a connecting rod we need 3.8 mm wire.
We need to flatten the wire so that it fits well into the groove on the bolt. In the flattened place of the bolt we need to make exactly the same hole of 1.3 mm.
Now you can start making the crankshaft. We will need steel wire with a diameter of 3.8 cm.
You will need to make a “knee” on the third wire.
We will use a wheel from a large children's car as a flywheel.
To connect the connecting rod to the crankshaft we will use a handle cap with two holes drilled towards each other.
The cap from the handle needs to be installed on the knee; the connecting rod will then be attached to it.
Our structure can be secured using pre-made legs. The legs are made of 1.4 mm wire.
Now we need to make a contact from a piece of copper sheet.
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