In this article we will talk about the breaking of water molecules and the Law of Conservation of Energy. At the end of the article there is an experiment for home.
There is no point in inventing installations and devices for decomposing water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen without taking into account the Law of Conservation of Energy. It is assumed that it is possible to create such an installation that will spend less energy on the decomposition of water than the energy that is released during the combustion process (combination into a water molecule). Ideally, structurally, the pattern of water decomposition and the combination of oxygen and hydrogen into a molecule will have a cyclic (repeating) appearance.
Initially, there is a chemical compound - water (H 2 O). To decompose it into its components - hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), it is necessary to apply a certain amount of energy. In practice, the source of this energy can be a car battery. As a result of the decomposition of water, a gas is formed, consisting mainly of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) molecules. Some call it "Brown's Gas", others say that the gas released has nothing to do with Brown's Gas. I think there is no need to argue and prove what this gas is called, because it doesn’t matter, let philosophers do it.
Gas, instead of gasoline, enters the cylinders of the internal combustion engine, where it is ignited by a spark from the spark plugs of the ignition system. A chemical combination of hydrogen and oxygen into water occurs, accompanied by a sharp release of explosion energy, forcing the engine to work. The water formed during the chemical combination process is released from the engine cylinders as steam through the exhaust manifold.
An important point is the possibility of reusing water for the process of decomposition into its components - hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), formed as a result of combustion in the engine. Let's look again at the “cycle” of the water and energy cycle. The rupture of water, which is in a stable chemical compound, is spent a certain amount of energy. As a result of combustion, on the contrary stands out a certain amount of energy. The energy released can be roughly calculated at the "molecular" level. Due to the characteristics of the equipment, the energy expended on rupture is more difficult to calculate, but it is easier to measure. If we neglect the qualitative characteristics of the equipment, energy losses for heating, and other important indicators, then as a result of calculations and measurements, if they are carried out correctly, it turns out that the expended and released energy are equal to each other. This confirms the Law of Conservation of Energy, which states that energy does not disappear anywhere and does not appear “out of emptiness”; it only passes into another state. But we want to use water as a source of additional “useful” energy. Where does this energy even come from? Energy is spent not only on the decomposition of water, but also on losses, which take into account the efficiency of the decomposition installation and the efficiency of the engine. And we want to get a “cycle” in which more energy is released than spent.
I am not providing specific numbers here that take into account costs and energy production. One of the visitors to my site sent me Kanarev’s book via Mail, for which I am very grateful to him, in which “calculations” of energy are popularly laid out. The book is very useful, and a couple of subsequent articles on my site will be devoted specifically to Kanarev’s research. Some visitors to my site claim that my articles contradict molecular physics, so in my subsequent articles I will present, in my opinion, the main results of the research of the molecular scientist - Kanarev, which do not contradict my theory, but on the contrary confirm my idea of the possibility of low-ampere decomposition of water.
If we assume that the water used for decomposition is the most stable, final chemical compound, and its chemical and physical properties are the same as those of water released as steam from the manifold of an internal combustion engine, then no matter how productive the decomposition plants were, there is no point in trying to get additional energy from water. This contradicts the Law of Conservation of Energy. And then, all attempts to use water as an energy source are useless, and all articles and publications on this topic are nothing more than people’s misconceptions, or simply deception.
Any chemical compound under certain conditions disintegrates or combines again. The condition for this may be the physical environment in which this compound is located - temperature, pressure, illumination, electrical or magnetic influence, or the presence of catalysts, other chemicals, or compounds. Water can be called an anomalous chemical compound, having properties not inherent in all other chemical compounds. These properties include (among other things) reactions to changes in temperature, pressure, and electric current. Under natural Earth conditions, water is a stable and “ultimate” chemical compound. Under these conditions, there is a certain temperature, pressure, and there is no magnetic or electric field. There are many attempts and options to change these natural conditions in order to decompose water. Of these, decomposition through exposure to electric current looks the most attractive. The polar bond of atoms in water molecules is so strong that the Earth's magnetic field can be neglected, which has no effect on water molecules.
A small digression from the topic:
There is an assumption by certain scientists that the Pyramids of Cheops are nothing more than huge installations for concentrating the energy of the Earth, which an unknown civilization used to decompose water. Narrow inclined tunnels in the Pyramid, the purpose of which has not yet been revealed, could be used for the movement of water and gases. This is such a “fantastic” retreat.
Let's continue. If water is placed in the field of a powerful permanent magnet, nothing will happen; the bond of atoms will still be stronger than this field. An electric field generated by a powerful source of electric current applied to water through electrodes immersed in water causes electrolysis of water (decomposition into hydrogen and oxygen). At the same time, the energy costs of the current source are enormous - they are not comparable to the energy that can be obtained from the reverse connection process. This is where the task arises of minimizing energy costs, but to do this it is necessary to understand how the process of breaking molecules occurs and what can be “saving” on.
In order to believe in the possibility of using water as an energy source, we must “operate” not only at the level of single water molecules, but also at the level of the connection of a large number of molecules due to their mutual attraction and dipole orientation. We must take into account intermolecular interactions. A reasonable question arises: Why? But because before the molecules break, they must first be oriented. This is also the answer to the question “Why is direct electric current used in a conventional electrolyzer installation, but alternating current does not work?”
According to cluster theory, water molecules have positive and negative magnetic poles. Water in the liquid state does not have a dense structure, so the molecules in it, attracted by opposite poles and repelled by like poles, interact with each other, forming clusters. If for water in a liquid state we imagine coordinate axes and try to determine in which direction of these coordinates there are more oriented molecules, we will not succeed, because the orientation of water molecules without additional external influence is chaotic.
Field of activity (technology) to which the described invention relates
The invention relates to a technique for producing hydrogen from water by electrolysis and can be used as a unit for converting thermal energy, when burning hydrogen, into mechanical energy.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
There is a well-known experimental experiment conducted by experimental scientist Valery Dudyshev on the electric field dissociation of water into hydrogen and oxygen, as a result of which 1000% efficiency in terms of energy costs was established (see). This experiment supposedly contradicts, if you believe your eyes, the Law of Conservation of Energy and may therefore be consigned to oblivion, just like the discovery in 1974 by the Belarusian scientist Sergei Usherenko of his “Usherenko Effect”, where the energy released in the target is 10 2 10 4 times greater kinetic energy of a particle introduced into the target (see). A common property of these processes is that in the first case, the electric field, in the second case, sand is introduced into foreign bodies, where energy is released that is hundreds of times greater than the energy of the pathogens.
The purpose of the invention is to expand the technical and technological
possibilities of applying the above effects.
From water and a device for its implementation
This goal is achieved by exposing the water simultaneously and throughout its entire volume to electric and magnetic fields. Figure 2 shows the structure of a water molecule. Angle 104 degrees and 27 minutes between O-H bonds. The water molecule is oriented by an electric field with intensity E along the electric field with a certain force, which decomposes part of the water into hydrogen and oxygen ions. The water becomes saturated with gases, the capacitance increases (the capacitance of the capacitor decreases), and the decomposition productivity decreases until equilibrium is achieved between the processes of formation and removal of ions. From the analysis it is clear that the flow of external current through water does not directly affect the process of its decomposition. To increase the productivity of water decomposition, we use a magnetic field with a certain strength H, the vector of which is directed perpendicular to the electric field strength vector E, while the vectors on the water molecule act simultaneously and in a resonant mode with respect to the hydrodynamic vibrations of water, which, due to Lorentz forces, arise when flowing through magnetic field of water containing ions (see TSB, 2nd edition, volume 19, article “Cavitation”; Onatskaya A.A., Muzalevskaya N.I. “Activated water”, “Chemistry - traditional and non-traditional”, Leningrad, Published by Leningrad University, 1985, chapter 8. magnetic field). The simultaneous action of fields, and even in a resonant mode, significantly increases the force impulse and impulse moment acting on the water molecule, moreover, the magnetic field contributes to the rapid removal of ions from the working zone of water decomposition, which stabilizes the capacitance. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the simultaneous radiation of electric and magnetic fields onto the treated volume of water. Radiation occurs due to two oscillatory circuits L1S1 and L2S2, and the capacitance of the first (second) and the associated inductance of the second (first) circuit are simultaneously charged and discharged at a given frequency. To do this, it is necessary that the supply voltage of the circuits be shifted in phase by an angle of 90 degrees. The same conditions are necessary when the circuits operate in voltage resonance mode.
Rnrnrn rnrnrn rnrnrn
Figure 3 shows a device for decomposing water by an electromagnetic field, which contains a housing 1, where elements C1-L2, C2-L1, C3-L4 IS4-L3, circuits C1-L1, C2-L2, C3-L3, C4-L4 are located , operating in voltage or current resonance mode, with circuits C1-L1, C3-L3 operating at voltage relative to circuits C2-L2, C4-L4, shifted in phase by an angle of 90 degrees. Between the plates of the capacitors and the inductors there are cavities 3 for water treatment, connected by channels 4 to the inlet and outlet openings 2. The upper openings 5 and lower openings 6 are connected to the cavities 3 and serve to remove gases through potential grids (not shown).
A device for producing hydrogen from water works as follows
When a rectified pulsed high-voltage voltage is supplied and cavities 3 are filled with circulating heated water (for example, solar collectors or exhaust water of hydrogen engines) water, in cavities 3 it decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen ions, which, under the influence of a magnetic field, move through holes 5, 6 and are neutralized potential grids and transported to the consumer.
The proposed technical solution makes it possible to increase productivity, reduce energy consumption per unit of product produced and, as a result, reduce the cost of hydrogen production.
Claim
1. A method for producing hydrogen from water, including treating water simultaneously with electric and magnetic fields to decompose water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen through a pair of oscillatory circuits consisting of a water capacitor with insulated plates, to which a high-voltage rectified pulsed voltage is supplied, inductors and placed between plates of capacitors and inductances of cavities for the treated water, while the effect on water by fields is carried out in a resonant mode in relation to the hydrodynamic oscillations of water when the direction of the magnetic field strength vector is perpendicular to the electric field strength vector.
2. from water, containing a pair of oscillatory circuits, each of which consists of a water capacitor with insulated plates, to which high-voltage rectified pulsed voltage is supplied, inductances and cavities for the treated water located between the capacitor plates and inductances, while the capacitance of the capacitor of the first oscillatory circuit is connected with the inductance of the second oscillatory circuit, and the capacitance of the second oscillatory circuit is connected with the inductance of the first oscillatory circuit with the possibility of simultaneous charging and discharging them, while the input voltages are phase shifted by 90°.
I'll answer questions for now.
I tried it with limestone - the savings were not 300% but 20%.
Of course, I’m speaking too simply – the water burns. What kind of water is there? There's not even steam!
There is already gas coming out - WATER GAS! The combustion of which has been known for 150 years!
Did you want to see a torch in my stove? I said my feed is weak and the hole is big - the holes on my sides are 2mm, but now the tube is burned out and the pressure is weak, but the effect is visible!
Now about ideological psychology.
Vadim and others, understand that there is a force that does not want people to travel on water and instead of coal, gas and firewood, they heat it with water. These are entire corporations. And everyone knows that at the Russian Academy of Sciences there is a special department that leads away those who are close to revealing “state secrets.”They have a whole Internet workshop that has devoted all its efforts to this branch. During the day they instantly! They respond with flood to my posts! Don't you see?
At first they simply try to suppress the topic with mud, then they simply try to divert it to the side with flooding, realizing that in this case normal people - specialists in their field - will not participate. And flooding blurs and scatters constructive questions, distracting from the essence.
I propose to clear up to 2 pages of slag from this thread and it will become GOLD on this site, block the loudmouths who are familiar only with the school curriculum, but do not know that the combustion of Water gas was known 150 years ago!
And then the professionals who know how to process metal will pass by and we will start working, although I have already started...
And again the same thing about energy costs! I suggest thinking about how to do this without expense, because in gas generators, on average, 200C goes down the drain.In general, without psychological and philosophical aspects, things will not get going. Vadim - decide, either slag or gold! And understand, we touched on such a topic that they threw the entire armada of specialists defending the oil and gas mafia at us.
And I repeat for the hundredth time, I haven’t come up with anything new - it’s as old as time, but with catalysts………I didn't want to interfere, but I have to.
Vadim, moderator.
When will this user stop slandering science and our NA?
How long can we mock common sense, our predecessors who poured sweat and blood on the altar of science?
When will this shamanism stop?
Why do you indulge in this desecration of everyone and everything?0 alex 0 said:
In my opinion, everything is clear in the videoYes, the video clearly shows that the steam emanating from the tube ejects air behind it and this air inflates the coals. No more and no less.
No, this is not fantasy. This is indeed a fact. The first link illustrates how hydrogen was obtained for airships in the 19th century. Several tons of coal, when burned, produced up to a kilogram of hydrogen... Things that are incomparable in terms of energy. Many tens of times more energy was spent on producing hydrogen than could be obtained by burning it...
But you are pulling these facts by the ears, pulling them from the realm of reality into the realm of dreams...
You can't fool nature. The law of conservation of energy has not been repealed.
Splitting water to produce hydrogen is the “holy grail” of many scientists working towards developing a virtually inexhaustible source of clean energy. Now, thanks to research by scientists at Monash University in Austria, this process will be much easier to implement than previously thought. According to Professor Leone Spiccia, the key to the hydrogen energy of the future may be the natural mineral Birnessite, which in nature gives the black color to some rocks.
"The stumbling block to the process of producing hydrogen is the actual decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen. Using traditional methods, a lot of energy is required to break chemical bonds, which makes these processes economically unprofitable. Our team has developed a process for splitting a water molecule based on a manganese-containing catalyst and using sunlight," says Professor Spiccia. - “The basis of the mineral birnessite is manganese, which, like all elements from the middle of the periodic table, can exist in several states, which chemists call oxidation states. This corresponds to the number of oxygen atoms with which an atom of the substance is bonded.”
Initially, scientists tried to use very complex catalysts based on the same manganese. After they managed to obtain a fairly effective catalytic process for the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen using an electric current, they, using advanced spectroscopic methods of analysis, discovered that the complex catalyst they used was transformed into a simpler compound, an analogue of which is the natural mineral birnessite. The operation of this catalyst completely repeats the processes on which the process of water splitting under the influence of sunlight in nature is based.
"These studies have allowed us to delve deeper into the mysteries of nature and discover how natural manganese catalysts actually work in nature," said Dr Rosalie Hocking from the Australian Center for Electromaterials Science. “Scientists have made great efforts to create complex manganese-containing molecules in order to obtain an effective catalyst. But everything turned out to be much simpler; the greatest efficiency in the field of water splitting is possessed by a natural material that is stable enough to withstand harsh physical and chemical loads during its use."
If we find a cheap and simple way to electrolysis/photolysis of water, we will get an incredibly rich and clean source of energy - hydrogen fuel. When hydrogen burns in oxygen, it does not form any side emissions other than water. In theory, electrolysis is a very simple process: just pass an electric current through water, and it is separated into hydrogen and oxygen. But now all developed technical processes require such a large amount of energy that electrolysis becomes unprofitable.
Now scientists have solved part of the puzzle. Researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have developed a method for carrying out the second of the two steps of the redox reaction - reduction - in visible (sunlight) light with an energy efficiency of 100%, significantly surpassing the previous record of 58.5%.
It remains to improve the oxidation half-reaction.
Such high efficiency was achieved due to the fact that only light energy is used in the process. The catalysts (photocatalysts) are nanorods 50 nm long. They absorb photons from a light source and release electrons.
The oxidation half-reaction produces four individual hydrogen atoms and an O2 molecule (which is unnecessary). In the reduction half-reaction, four hydrogen atoms pair into two H2 molecules, producing the useful form of hydrogen, H2 gas.
An efficiency of 100% means that all photons entering the system are involved in the generation of electrons.
At this efficiency, each nanorod generates about 100 H 2 molecules per second.
Scientists are now working to optimize the process, which currently requires an alkaline environment with an incredibly high pH. This level is in no way acceptable for real operating conditions.
In addition, nanorods are susceptible to corrosion, which is also not very good.
However, today humanity is one step closer to obtaining an inexhaustible source of clean energy in the form of hydrogen fuel.
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