There are winter and spring varieties of wheat. The former are more common in Russia, due to their low cost and increased yields: 30 centners per hectare in the Russian Federation versus 12-14 for spring crops. Wheat is a self-pollinating plant. After germination, spring varieties develop more slowly and are more susceptible to weed suppression compared to winter varieties.
Light requirements
Wheat cultivation is affected by the length of daylight hours. Illumination depends on the density of crops. The leaves take on a green color and the plants bush well with the optimal amount of light.
Its deficiency contributes to the growth of the lower internode; the tillering leaf is formed closer to the soil. This reduces the winter hardiness of winter wheat. Overwintering will be better with intense lighting and lower temperatures. In this case, the growth of the first internode is inhibited, and the tillering leaf lies deeper.
Heat Requirements
Spring wheat varieties do not have high requirements for the amount of heat, unlike winter varieties. Grain germinates at 1-2°C. Assimilation processes begin at 3-5°C. Favorable conditions for growing wheat are considered to be 12-18°C.
Plants are quite heat tolerant. However, temperatures above 35°C and lack of moisture will lead to a decrease in grain quality and yield.
Winter wheat can withstand frosts down to -17°C without snow cover and down to -25°C with it.
Moisture requirements
Wheat seeds need 60-70% water by weight of dry seeds. Durum varieties require 5-7% more moisture, as they contain more protein. At different times, plants consume water unevenly. It plays a major role in the booting and heading phase - 50-60%.
Soil requirements
Wheat is grown on highly fertile, structural soil with a reaction within the pH range of 6-7.5. The best soils are considered to be chernozem, chestnut, podzolic and sod-gley. Low yields are typical for sandy, sandy loam, heavy loam and clay soils.
Predecessors
Fields after legumes, grain legumes, and row crops are suitable for growing wheat. It is better to avoid sunflower as a predecessor, since after it the field is heavily clogged with carrion. It is not advisable to sow spring varieties after winter varieties. This contributes to the accumulation of crop pests and pathogenic infections.
After harvesting perennial plants, disk peeling, and sometimes plow ploughing, is necessary. Plowing is carried out after 2-3 weeks. After stubble and leguminous crops, the weedy fields are treated with two peeling methods - disk and plowshare. Growing wheat in fields after sunflower and corn should be preceded by soil cultivation using cross-discing and plowing. After potatoes and beets, the soil can be plowed immediately.
Fertilizer
Spring wheat responds well to nitrogen and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers. For 1 centner of grain and the corresponding amount of straw there is 1 kg of phosphorus fertilizers, 2.5 kg of potash, 4 kg of nitrogen. Fertilizer rates for growing wheat are differentiated based on the predecessor, soil characteristics, etc.
When sowing spring wheat, granulated superphosphate is added to the rows. This method is not suitable for nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, as it changes the concentration of the soil solution.
Fertilizing is carried out at the beginning of booting, which increases the productivity of ears and yield. Foliar feeding to improve grain quality is carried out during heading and flowering with melt or urea solution. The norm for nitrogen fertilizers is no more than 90 kg per hectare.
Sowing
Preparing the field for winter wheat begins immediately after harvesting the previous crops. The soil is peeled and plowed with harrowing. Pre-sowing treatment is carried out at an angle to the previous one. The prepared field should consist of lumps up to 5 cm in size.
There are three sowing methods:
cross (with row spacing 0.15 m);
row (with row spacing 0.15 m);
narrow row (with row spacing 0.07-0.08 m).
Most often, wheat is grown using narrow-row and cross-row methods, which provide an even distribution of seeds and are more resistant to weeds. When sowing, a tramline is left. The rows are arranged from north to south. The depth of seed placement is selected based on the characteristics of the soil and climatic conditions. Usually for winter varieties it is within 3-8 cm, for spring varieties – 4-5 cm.
Spring varieties are sown in the first days of soil maturation. Early crops suffer less from damage by pests, rust, and the May drought.
For durum wheat varieties, seeding rates are 5-6 million seeds per hectare, for soft wheat varieties - 4-5 million. Volumes depend on soil fertility, aridity, and weediness.
Crop care
Rolling promotes better contact between the grain and the soil and the development of a strong root system. Winter varieties tolerate frost better. The soil crust is removed by harrowing or rotary hoeing.
Snow retention promotes wintering of wheat. The most effective method is forest belts in forest-steppe and steppe areas and backstage in arid ones.
Fertilizing with ammonium nitrate (30-45 kg per hectare) is carried out using disk grain seeders using the root method diagonally or across the rows.
To prevent lodging of wheat crops, retardant TsetseTse 460 is used in the phase of the beginning of bolling. Processing can be repeated when a flag leaf appears.
Weed control. After emergence, wheat cultivation is slowed down by weeds. The herbicide Illoxan 30% is used against wild oats and bristle grass. The treatment is carried out in the tillering phase and the formation of 2-4 leaves in the weeds. Root shoot weeds are controlled with herbicides: ammine salt 2.4D, Dialen 40%, Lontrel-300 30%.
Fighting diseases. To prevent root rot, powdery mildew, rust, etc., crops are treated in the booting and heading phases with Bayleton 25%, foundationazol 50%, tilt 25% in concentrations of 0.5 kg per hectare.
Pest control. Against the larvae of harmful turtles, ground beetles, corn beetles, flea beetles, grain cutworms, etc., they are sprayed with: BI-58 40%, Volaton 50%, Decis 2.5%.
Cleaning
Direct and separate combining are used for harvesting. It is important to identify arrays of high-quality wheat in advance in order to form batches of wheat without mixing.
C O O P E R A T I V
for the production of organic fertilizers based on sapropels
(OFFICE TECHNICAL PROJECT)
SUMMARY
The entry of the Russian Federation into the WTO changes the distribution of state subsidies to agricultural producers for the purchase of fertilizers, fuel, etc. Only those who ensure grain yields in volumes from 80 to 100 centners in bunker weight will receive it. This is the south of the European part of Russia. All other farmers, with grain yields from 15 to 20 c/ha, will be forced to abandon agriculture due to unprofitability. How it was done in the Baltic countries.
The way out of the situation created for us gives us an understanding of the possibilities of Nature. They have already begun to be defined by science and presented to “understanding” farmers for practical use. One of them is sapropel (silt of swamps and rivers), which can become the basis for the activities of an agricultural cooperative in many regions of the country.
In contrast to the WTO conditions, aimed at increasing productivity through the monopoly use of mineral fertilizers, our MISSION is to increase the fertility of the soils of “unpromising” lands in Russia and their expanded use by reducing the cost of grown products. There is a lot of land. Sapropel will improve the quality of soils and - accordingly - will allow you to grow environmentally friendly (chemical-free) expensive products without high costs.
CREATE A RURAL COOPERATIVE
Clarification of “rural” is a perceived need. The point is that urban cooperatives appeared in great numbers from the first years of “perestroika”, as an instrument for the collapse of the industry of the USSR. Everything here has been worked out, legalized, and enriched with services and foreign investments. In contrast to the village, where the main thing was the collapse of the rural cooperative system.
The villagers will have to start with the smallest things. This will be forced by the understanding of the hopelessness of the situation created by the WTO and the current situation. The ongoing collapse of agriculture has brought the people to the question of survival in the countryside at the expense of the land. And what to do in the spring? Sow or abandon everything, as thousands of farmers and individual entrepreneurs have already done. There is no need to count on investments: they are given for a large business that is attractive to capitalists, and even if the borrowers have their own funds corresponding to the scale. Therefore, you will have to start from scratch. And first, find those willing to participate in community production.
And to start, find a promising topic for your activities based on the resources available in the region. They are. For example, the silt of swamps and rivers, scientifically called sapropel. The peasantry has always used it to increase productivity. And now, in the agricultural technology of Natural farming (without chemicals), sapropel will become the most profitable component for use on all low-yield lands in Russia. Judge for yourself:
1. Raw materials are free. Take as much as you want, helping to improve the environmental situation in the region. You can receive a grant from the regional budget for such a topic.
2. Extraction of raw materials is the simplest. A private gardener scoops up sludge with a bucket using a rope. In increased volumes, you can extract silt from swamps and rivers with a barrel: they throw it into the depths and, filling it when pulled with a cable, under the “club”: - it will go on its own!” - pull out. Both automobile and tractor winches are used. Next - excavators, dredgers... Business responded to the prospects of the topic: it gives equipment!
3. The production of sapropel fertilizer is simple. All kinds of organic matter are added to the dried sludge: peat, sawdust, leaves, tops, etc. When mixing them, good manure soil is added to the mass, carrying a culture of bacteria that forms soil fertility. All this is piled up, turning into fertilizer. It will be necessary to build a premises for packaging products and a small warehouse for 20 tons. In general, one hectare of production area can produce from 100 to 500 tons of finished products per year. Further more...
4. Sales of products. The main consumers of the products will be, as experience shows, urban private buyers for indoor plants and local areas, owners of garden plots, landscape design firms, nurseries and greenhouses.
But that’s all - later... You’ll have to start with the local population, offering fertilizer in advance with payment in the fall, after harvesting the resulting crop. Moreover, payment is not made in money, but in products grown according to the agricultural technology proposed by the cooperative. We have them, they will be developed by cooperatives, used to educate the people and... expand the ranks of the community. Having convinced themselves of the effectiveness of the Natural Farming System technologies from their own experience, and having worked with cooperators, people will begin to join the cooperative, expanding its ranks. There has long been a proverb: “Together together is not burdensome, but apart - at least leave it!” Our “new reality” is a communal way of life, which will be based on a cooperative of the new Divine content of internal human relationships in the material world.
5. Economic indicators of the project. Without knowing the capabilities of the team, it is impossible to foresee them. But the experience of those who got into sapropel shows 30% profitability with deviations of + and -.
DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS WILL DETERMINE
Cereals
The production of sapropel fertilizer allows us to expand the scope of the cooperative’s business. First of all, it solves the most important problem - increasing agricultural productivity. It is not realistic to achieve the indicators of the Krasnodar region for grain crops in the Vladimir region: there is not enough sun for photosynthesis. But in the north there are many empty and abandoned lands. I propose a maneuver: use them to increase the marketable mass, albeit not by high yields, but... by lower costs.
Let’s compare: to obtain high yields (required by the WTO), powerful and expensive equipment is created, a lot of mineral fertilizers, pesticides and other things are consumed. All this falls on the cost of grown products. And if we take grains, then a ton of grown wheat costs farms per hectare of crops on average in the country 13,650 rubles. This is with the existing agrochemical officially operating agricultural technology. And this hectare will give 8,000 rubles at the average floating price of wheat. per ton, i.e. only 18,400 rubles. Of these, as you can see, 74% will be spent on the listed costs, as well as on the added costs of grain processing and storage; then general business expenses, taxes, interest, etc. are added. And what does the farmer end up with?
The transfer of farming by a cooperative to an organic Natural farming system reduces costs per hectare to 4,500 rubles/ha. But that’s not all. After all, calculations were made for an average yield of 23 c/ha. According to the terms of the WTO, it should become increased. We, deprived of state subsidies, must have our own strategy. Having empty lands, we need to grow not more per hectare, but cheaper. And here are the reasons for this.
Sowing is carried out without plowing and over stubble. This stubble or other crop residues, as well as abandoned fields, are first only disced, turning with added sapropel into fertilized ones. And even with a mulching effect.
Sowing of grain is carried out in two lines, alternating two empty ones (the seed tubes in the seeder are closed): 2 - sown, 2 - empty, etc. Sowing with a conventional seeder. The main thing here is to reduce the seeding rate. Two missing lines give the plants additional nutrition due to the empty space on the right and left, and also provide the leaves with space for photosynthesis. And then the plants do not have to reach up to the sun, overtaking each other... and growing straw. All efforts are spent on creating the maximum possible harvest by growing new stems with ears.
Nature will have an impact here: all her cereal crops grow in bushes. From each grain a sheaf of stems grows. With the current thickened crops, when 6,000,000 grains are sown per hectare, we get one stalk with an ear. If you sow less, you can get seedlings in bushes of 15 - 30 stems or more... While reducing the cost of seeds. People often ask, how much is needed? Experimentation is required for different zones and soils.
In the Stavropol region, ch. Agronomist Natalya Grigorievna Leontyeva convinced the managers of Agroprom Alliance LLC to conduct such an experiment. 315 hectares of field were allocated for the propagation of elite grain. The field was divided into 4 sections to test the optimal seeding per hectare. The result is:
The first one was sown at 66 kg/ha - the harvest was harvested at 46 c/ha.
The second one was sown at 76 kg/ha - the harvest was harvested at 52 c/ha.
The 3rd was sown at 80 kg/ha - the harvest was 56 c/ha.
The 4th was sown at 170 kg/ha - the harvest was 48 c/ha.
25 tons of grain were used for sowing, while traditional technology would have required 69 tons of seeds. The profit from saving seeds amounted to more than half a million rubles. The bunker weight received was 1,500 tons of grain, which is 300 tons more than usual. In total, the Petrovskoye branch with 24,000 hectares received 38 c/ha of winter crops per circle, but it could have been 50 c/ha.
VEGETABLE CROPS
Their set is traditional for the northern regions: all the basic vegetables for nutrition are grown. And sapropel with the addition of Natural farming technologies will double the yield, as was the case with the members of our “People's Experience” Community. We will transfer all knowledge to you and other cooperatives for practical use. And we will even join a cooperative to organize, for example, a laboratory for propagating cultures of soil-forming bacteria. They are necessary for farmers in the northern zones, since natural ones freeze out during winter and restore their quantity only by the end of June. And we need it - early! It will be necessary to switch to high beds to get away from the increased groundwater level and frequent rains. And the most important point is that vegetable growing will allow increasing the ranks of the cooperative by attracting people to vegetable growing units on a new cooperative basis. When they work not for the owner, but for themselves.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS
Flax!.. It grows in the northern lands. And sapropel, in combination with the Natural farming system, will ensure its increased quality, productivity and reduced cost.
LEGAL BASIS OF RELATIONS IN A COOPERATIVE
The general principle of contractual relations is payment for the labor of production participants only for the quantity and quality of the product produced.
This can be ensured by the conditional sale of products to a subsequent participant in the production process. For example: by common decision of the members of the cooperative, all products produced receive their intrinsic value. And then the producers of sapropel fertilizer “sell” it to vegetable growers. Which vegetable growers can refuse if it is somehow bad, or reduce its cost. After all, these products become a cost item for them. In turn, vegetable growers also “sell” their grown products to a cooperative vegetable base, which provides sorting, packaging, and other things that are required for further sale. Next, the base “sells” the product to the sales sector. And so on throughout the entire technological chain of the production process. All this ensures increased interest in the final results of the work of each and everyone.
Such relationships should operate by connecting the general processes of the cooperative with other production teams and farms that wish to cooperate along technological chains. For example, for the provision of transport services, part-time production (sorting, packaging, etc.), construction work, etc. as needed
Such activity of individual enterprises turns into internal economic activity, tax-free. And if there are 3–5 manufacturers in the chain, then the price of the product will decrease by 3–5 VAT rates, each of which is 18%. And this is a reserve for increasing production volumes.
Such producers of common products can be farmers and peasant farms, united in their own production cooperatives (PCs) for growing environmentally friendly products. Research-innovation urban structures can provide cooperative collectives with new technologies, new equipment and biotechnologies that increase the profitability of production.
DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS
An important condition for obtaining a high yield of grain crops is the use of high-quality seed material (elite). Sowing of wheat should be carried out using quality seed material with high germination rate (within 90%). Quality grain is usually large with a minimal percentage of weed seeds.
Preparation of seed material begins after harvesting. Using special equipment, the grains are sorted into fractions and cleaned of debris. In the northern part of our country, the seeds do not have time to fully ripen, so they are additionally heated in the sun for a week or in a special room with a temperature of 20...30 degrees. Experts draw attention to the fact that the storage must have exhaust ventilation. Next, the seed material is disinfected to prevent exposure to diseases and pests. For this purpose, drugs such as Fundazol 50% concentration (2 kilograms of active substance per ton of grain) or Vitavax - 3 kilograms per ton of seeds are used.
Timing of sifting of winter wheat
For normal wintering of wheat, the plant should have 3 or 4 leaves before the average daily temperature drops to 5 degrees, so the crop in question is sown 50 days before this time. With early sowing, wheat yield decreases. When sowing is late, the crops do not have time to form a bush, in which case they do not overwinter well. Scientists recommend observing the following deadlines:
- northern part of Ukraine (Polesie) - from early to mid-September;
- central, southern and western regions of Ukraine (Forest-steppe and Steppe zone) - from September 5 to September 25;
- southern part of the Russian Federation - from mid-September to October 5.
It has been noted that wheat sowing rates depend on the germination and other characteristics of the seed material, the variety used and weather conditions in the growing region. It is known that the maximum productivity of grain crops is achieved with the simultaneous development of 300-400 plants per square meter. In areas with sufficient moisture, the wheat sowing rate is higher than in dry regions. For example, the recommended norm for Polesie is 5.5 million sprouted seeds per hectare; in the Steppe zone of Ukraine this figure is reduced to 4 million plants per hectare.
Sowing seeds can be done in several ways:
- line method, when 15 centimeters are left between rows of grain crops;
- narrow row - when a distance between rows of 7.5 centimeters is maintained.
The depth of seed placement depends on the type of soil. So, on soils with a light mechanical composition, the grains are buried by 5 centimeters; on heavy soils, the depth is reduced to 2 centimeters.
Sowing spring wheat
An important stage in sowing spring wheat is the preparation of seed material. For sowing, you need to select large, full-bodied seeds of the same variety with good germination and growth energy. You can increase the germination rate of grains by heating them in the sun for 3-5 days. After this, the seed material is pickled and dried.
Sowing dates for spring wheat
It is recommended to sow spring wheat varieties in early spring, when the soil warms up to 2 degrees Celsius or higher. Sowing should not be delayed or the grain should be sown too early. If you delay this work and sow spring wheat seeds in the last ten days of May or early June, then you should not expect a high harvest. This is due to the fact that young plants are exposed to hot June weather. Sowing grains early allows the plants to develop a strong root system and withstand drought. It has been experimentally established that the best time for sowing spring wheat is the first days of May. The consumption rate of seed material and the sowing method are similar to winter wheat varieties.
The technology for growing winter wheat consists of following all stages of sowing, fertilization, selection of varietal seeds and acceptable predecessors, processing and proper collection. All these factors affect profitability. And of course, weather conditions play a major role in the formation of the harvest.
Predecessors of winter wheat
Winter wheat is quite picky about its predecessors, so you need to pay due attention to the crops that were planted on the soil before you started working with it. Under different weather and climate conditions, the best predecessors will be those that do not deplete the soil, clear fields early and leave behind weed-free fields.
- In the Steppe and Forest-Steppe regions, the ideal predecessors are those that dry out the root layer of soil to a lesser extent. The best predecessor in this zone is black steam. It affects the reduction of weeds, the accumulation of moisture and nutrients. Such a crop will not only provide an increase in yield, but also improve the quality of the grain crop! In this zone it is also favorable to grow winter wheat after peas, corn, wheat (sown after black fallow). It is a bad idea to grow winter wheat after sorghum, sudangrass and sunflowers. These crops clear the field late and also dry out the soil to a critical depth.
- In the Polesie regions, an excellent option would be to sow winter wheat after predecessors that minimize weed contamination in the field, provide optimal sowing time and a suitable nutritional regime (peas, perennial grasses and early potatoes).
Re-growing winter wheat on the same field is allowed only after two years, because the soil must be cleared of various pests and diseases.
Tillage for winter wheat
Treatment before sowing winter wheat should: ensure acceptable density, structure and aeration of the soil; ensure moisture retention; remove weeds as much as possible, properly cover plant residues and fertilizers; create an even seed bed for further placement of seeds at the required depth.
Before starting processing, you need to take into account the availability of the necessary machine and tractor equipment, climatic conditions, and soil conditions. Much also depends on the predecessor. After non-fallow predecessors, combined units are used by non-moldboard tillage with a depth of 8-10 cm or 10-12 cm.
The subsowing layer should be sufficiently compacted, and the soil particles in it should be predominantly 1-3 mm. Breasts larger than 8 cm are already too much. Compliance with this condition will ensure good contact of seeds with the soil and simultaneous germination. Therefore, during pre-sowing soil preparation, cultivators must be equipped with harrows or rollers.
Since the soil surface must be level before sowing winter wheat, it must be leveled. The height of the ridges left behind by the cultivator should not vary by more than 2 cm. A flat soil surface will ensure seeding at a uniform depth.
Winter wheat fertilizer
Winter wheat responds favorably to fertilization. Basically, organic and mineral fertilizers are used for wheat. However, the application of organic fertilizers for winter wheat is permissible on those soils where the humus portion is less than 2%.
Fertilizer for winter wheat:
- contribute to more economical use of soil moisture;
- improve grain quality, increase yield;
- have a positive effect on soil fertility;
- increase winter hardiness.
Fertilizer rates are calculated based on the need for nutrients to ensure better yields. For winter wheat, phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers play a special role.
Almost the entire norm of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers is applied before sowing winter wheat. The form of the fertilizer is granular superphosphate. The remaining small part, approximately 10 kg/ha, is applied randomly during autumn feeding or by the root method in early spring.
Nitrogen fertilizers must be applied in several stages:
- Approximately 30 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizing in ammonia form is introduced during pre-sowing cultivation.
- Fertilizing with nitrogen in the tillering phase will help increase the density of the stem, the height and fruitfulness of plants. Fertilizers do not affect the quality of grain crops. The application rate is 30-40 kg/ha, which is about 30% of the full calculated rate.
- At the beginning of tubing, you need to add 50% of the total calculated nitrogen rate, which is approximately 60-75 kg/ha. This fertilizing will help increase yield, grain quality and will improve the grain size of the ear.
- 20% of the norm nitrogen fertilizer is applied during heading and flowering. This bait is most effective in an area with sufficient moisture.
If before sowing winter wheat there were stubble precursors on the field or the soil is not particularly rich in useful microelements, then it is recommended to apply nitrogen in ammonium form. Thus, the fertilizer will be less washed out. In the Steppe zone, in order to improve the quality of grain during its formation and filling, foliar feeding is used using an aqueous solution of urea. A fairly effective solution for crops is spraying with liquid complex fertilizers!
Selection of winter wheat seeds
Choosing high-quality varietal seeds of winter wheat is the key to a good harvest! It is varietal seeds of winter wheat that make full use of soil fertility, which, under equal conditions, will provide the best yield of high-quality grain: up to 30% when compared with non-varietal seeds! Such seeds must have high sowing qualities: germination, germination energy, thousand seed weight, humidity, absence of contamination and weeds. Varietal seed material is freed from impurities that reduce its quality.
It is known that the climate of the area in which the crop is grown mainly affects the yield. That is why you need to take a closer look at domestic wheat varieties, since they are more adapted to soil standards and climatic features of the area. Imported analogues will not withstand winter weather so well, because they have reduced frost resistance.
It is necessary to take into account the risks, because it is not necessary to do it all at once, and if you sow one specific variety of winter wheat, the result will be worse than sowing several varieties, which must be selected with different economic and biological properties.
Pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds
As a rule, chemical treatment of seeds before sowing is divided into 3 stages:
- Conventional etching;
- Seed encrusting;
Going through each stage of processing before sowing, winter wheat increases in weight up to 20 times!
During etching, the main thing is to choose the right and effective disinfectant and etching unit. For winter wheat, the following drugs will be effective:
- Raxil (Tebuconazole - 60 g/l) rate of use - 0.4-0.5 l/t;
- Premis (Triticonazole - 200 g/l) rate of use - 0.15-0.2 l/t;
- Vincit (Tiabendazole, flutriafol - 25+25 g/l) rate of use - 1.5-2 l/t;
- Dividend Star (Difenoconazole, cyproconazole - 30+3.6 g/l) rate of use - 1-1.5 l/t);
- Maxim (fludioxonil 25, g/l + tebuconazole, 15 g/l + azoxystrobin, 10 g/l) use rate – 1.5-1.75 l/t;
- Colfugo Super Color (Carbendazim - 200 g/l) use rate - 1.5-2 l/t.
Key features of disinfectants:
- uniform coating for grain;
- not difficult to use;
- safe transportation;
- long shelf life;
- Possibility of use in conjunction with other disinfectants;
- cheapness.
Almost the main problem associated with etching is poor adhesion of the active substance. This is especially noticeable during etching with powders. It is important that the treatment is not phytotoxic and does not interfere with normal seed germination.
How to sow winter wheat?
Sowing winter wheat can be done in different ways:
- regular lowercase (15 cm – row spacing);
- narrow row (7.5 cm - row spacing);
- cross (15 cm).
Usually the regular line method is used. In order to obtain uniform seedlings, it is necessary to set the correct seeding depth: 3-4 cm – treated and moist soils; 1-2 cm – heavy soils; 6-8 cm – light soils. It must be taken into account that the depth in late sowing periods should be less than in early sowing periods.
The seed sowing rate may also vary depending on the timing of seed sowing. If the sowing is early, then the best option would be 400-500 seeds per square meter. At the harvesting stage, this amount of seeds should yield 600-700 productive stems. If sowing occurred at later stages, then it is necessary to increase the seeding rate by 10-15% per square meter. This is done in order to create the optimal number of productive stems per unit area.
Harvesting winter wheat
Winter wheat harvesting is carried out during the period of full grain maturity (phase of waxy grain ripeness), when it reaches a moisture content of 14-17%. The direct combining method is predominantly used. During harvesting, grain losses must be minimized.
If the crops are clogged, they resort to a separate method of harvesting winter wheat, in which shedding occurs, and therefore losses increase. In this case, the grain moisture content should be within 30%. Also, the separate harvesting method is used in cases where the wheat is thick and tall.
Subsequently, after harvesting, the grain is cleaned. If necessary, it is passed through dryers and brought to a moisture content of 14%.
Thanks to the growing demand for food among people, the agricultural business is becoming stronger every year. Wheat is considered the most popular cereal. The profitability of cultivation begins with a crop area of 100 hectares.
Before you start cultivating wheat, you need to thoroughly understand how to grow wheat, otherwise you risk going broke. The farmer must be able to calculate and determine his possible profit and how much money he needs to spend in the growing process.
1 Demands of wheat to various factors
The yield of cereals and their successful cultivation are influenced by the length of daylight hours in the planting region. The density of the sowing determines how well the light will penetrate to each plant. To ensure that the plants are green and healthy and bush well, the sowing cannot be too thick.
Lack of light is detrimental to winter wheat varieties - the lower internode develops, and overwintering will not go well. Therefore, it is necessary to comply with seeding norms per hectare.
Heat requirements. Different varieties of cereals have different growing temperature requirements. For example, it can be grown at lower temperatures. For winter crops, cold snap during the active growing season will be disastrous. Growing temperature – +13-19 C. Wheat has good heat tolerance (up to 36 C). If the temperature rises higher, watering is necessary because... The heat affects the quality and quantity of the harvest.
Watering. High-yielding wheat is not too demanding on watering. Therefore, the cost of cultivation is low. The most moisture is required during the heading period. It's worth remembering that hard varieties consume 6-8% more moisture than soft varieties.
The soil. It is better if the growing region is dominated by podzolic soil or sod-gley soil. The soil for cultivation must be structured and highly fertile. A pH of 6-7.5 is desirable.
1.1 After what crops and when can wheat be sown?
For the successful cultivation of this cereal, the best predecessors will be:
- Legumes.
- Pulses.
- Row crops.
- Potato.
- Beet.
After harvesting the previous crops, it is necessary to disc-hoe the soil. After leguminous crops, ploughshare peeling is also carried out.
2 How to sow correctly?
After harvesting previously grown crops, soil preparation begins. Peeling and harrowing are most often carried out. The field is processed at an angle to the previous one. Lumps of earth should not be more than 5 cm in diameter. How to sow wheat is up to you.
There are three sowing methods:
The most optimal is considered to be sowing and growing using narrow-row and cross-row methods. They allow plants to develop as much as possible and prevent overgrowing by weeds. To get truly high-yielding wheat, the beds are located from north to south. The depth of planting seeds depends on the climate and latitude of the area. For spring varieties it is about 4-5 cm, and for winter varieties it is 3-8 cm.
Important: early crops suffer from pests and diseases much less.
Wheat seeding rates (winter and conventional varieties):
- Durum varieties 5-6 million seeds/hectare.
- Soft varieties 4-5 million seeds/hectare.
2.1 Method of continuous sowing of wheat (video)
Remember: the longer snow stays on winter crops, the better. This directly affects. This way there is a greater chance of reaping the maximum harvest. Crops in forest-steppe and steppe regions favor snow retention.
To prevent high-yielding wheat from dying, TsetTseTse 460 retardant is added to the tube at the beginning of emergence. When the flag leaf appears, fertilizer can be re-applied.
It is important not to let weeds “clog” the crop! For this, a series is used: Iloxan 30%, Dialen 40%, amine salt.
Pest control is carried out depending on the region where wheat grows and the distribution of pests.
2.3 How and when to fertilize wheat?
The average yield increases with the timely application of certain nitrogen and nitrogen-phosphate fertilizers. It is added based on calculations: for 100 kg of grain and 100 kg of straw add 1 kg of phosphorus, 2 - 2.5 potassium and 3-4 kg of nitrogen fertilizers. Standards vary depending on soil characteristics. For spring wheat, superphosphate in granules is introduced into the rows.
2.4 Harvest
In the southern regions, a wheat harvest of up to 8 tons per hectare can be harvested, while in the northern regions, 3.5 tons per hectare is considered good.
Typically, direct and split combining are used for fall harvesting.
Huge hectares are sown with wheat. And every year its consumption is only growing, and farming is turning into a profitable business.
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