Lutetium (Lu), 71
(molar mass)
174.9668(1) a. e.m. (g/mol)
1.27 (Pauling scale)
Lu←Lu3+ -2.30 V
(first electron)
513.0 (5.32) kJ/mol (eV)
9.8404 g/cm³
414 kJ/mol
26.5 J/(K mol)
17.8 cm³/mol
hexagonal
(300 K) (16.4) W/(m K)
| 71 | Lutetium |
| Lu 174,967 | |
| 4f145d16s2 | |
Lutetium- a chemical element belonging to the lanthanide group.
- 1 History of discovery
- 2 Origin of the name
- 3 Receipt
- 3.1 Prices
- 4 Properties
- 4.1 Physical properties
- 4.2 Chemical properties
- 4.3 Analytical determination
- 5 Application
- 5.1 Storage media
- 5.2 Laser materials
- 5.3 Magnetic materials
- 5.4 Heat-resistant conductive ceramics
- 5.5 Nuclear physics and energy
- 5.6 High temperature superconductivity
- 5.7 Metallurgy
- 6 Isotopes
- 7 Prevalence in nature
- 8 Biological role
- 9 Notes
- 10 Links
History of discovery
The element in the form of an oxide was discovered independently in 1907 by the French chemist Georges Urban, the Austrian mineralogist Karl Auer von Welsbach and the American chemist Charles James. They all discovered lutetium as an impurity in ytterbium oxide, which, in turn, was discovered in 1878 as an impurity in erbium oxide, isolated in 1843 from yttrium oxide, discovered in 1797 in the mineral gadolinite. All of these rare earth elements have very similar chemical properties. The priority of discovery belongs to J. Urban.
origin of name
Its discoverer Georges Urbain derived the name of the element from the Latin name of Paris - Lutetia Parisorum. For ytterbium, from which lutetium was separated, the name neoytterbium was proposed. Von Welsbach, who disputed the priority of discovery of the element, proposed the name cassiopium for lutetium, and aldebaranium for ytterbium, in honor of the constellation of the Northern Hemisphere and the brightest star of the constellation Taurus, respectively. Given Urbain's priority in separating lutetium and ytterbium, in 1914 the International Commission on Atomic Weights adopted the name Lutecium, which was changed to Lutetium in 1949 (the Russian name did not change). However, until the early 1960s, the name cassiopia was used in the works of German scientists.
Receipt
To obtain lutetium, it is isolated from minerals along with other heavy rare earth elements. Lutetium is separated from other lanthanides by methods of extraction, ion exchange or fractional crystallization, and metallic lutetium is obtained by reduction with calcium from LuF3 fluoride.
Prices
The price of lutetium metal with a purity of >99.9% is 3.5-5.5 thousand dollars per 1 kg. Lutetium is the most expensive of the rare earth metals, due to the difficulty of isolating it from a mixture of rare earth elements and limited use.
Properties
Physical properties
Lutetium is a silver-white metal that can be easily machined. It is the heaviest element among the lanthanides both in atomic weight and density (9.8404 g/cm³). The melting point of lutetium (1663 °C) is the highest among all rare earth elements. Due to the effect of lanthanide compression, lutetium has the smallest atomic and ionic radii among all lanthanides.
Chemical properties
At room temperature in air, lutetium is covered with a dense oxide film, and at a temperature of 400 °C it oxidizes. When heated, it interacts with halogens, sulfur and other non-metals.
Lutetium reacts with inorganic acids to form salts. When water-soluble lutetium salts (chlorides, sulfates, acetates, nitrates) are evaporated, crystalline hydrates are formed.
When aqueous solutions of lutetium salts interact with hydrofluoric acid, a very slightly soluble precipitate of lutetium fluoride LuF3 is formed. The same compound can be obtained by reacting lutetium oxide Lu2O3 with gaseous hydrogen fluoride or fluorine.
Lutetium hydroxide is formed by the hydrolysis of its water-soluble salts.
Analytical definition
Like other rare earth elements, they can be determined photometrically with the reagent alizarin red C.
Application
Information carriers
Lutetium-doped ferrogarnets (eg gadolinium gallium garnet, GGG) are used to produce CMD (cylindrical magnetic domain) storage media.
Laser materials
Used to generate laser radiation using lutetium ions. Lutetium scandate, lutetium gallate, lutetium aluminate, doped with holmium and thulium, generate radiation with a wavelength of 2.69 microns, and with neodymium ions - 1.06 microns, and are excellent materials for the production of high-power lasers for military purposes and for medicine.
Magnetic materials
Alloys for very powerful permanent magnets of the lutetium-iron-aluminum and lutetium-iron-silicon systems have very high magnetic energy, stability of properties and a high Curie point, but the very high cost of lutetium limits their use to only the most critical areas of use (special research, space and etc.).
Heat-resistant conductive ceramics
Lutetium chromite has some uses.
Nuclear physics and energy
Lutetium oxide finds small-scale use in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber, and also as an activation detector. Single-crystalline lutetium silicate (LSO) doped with cerium is a very good scintillator and as such is used for particle detection in nuclear physics, particle physics, and nuclear medicine (in particular, in positron emission tomography).
High temperature superconductivity
Lutetium oxide is used to control the properties of superconducting metal oxide ceramics.
Metallurgy
The addition of lutetium to chromium and its alloys provides better mechanical properties and improves manufacturability.
In recent years, significant interest in lutetium is due, for example, to the fact that when alloying a number of heat-resistant materials and alloys based on chromium-nickel with lutetium, their service life sharply increases.
Isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of lutetiumNatural lutetium consists of two isotopes: stable 175Lu (isotopic abundance 97.41%) and long-lived beta-radioactive 176Lu (isotopic abundance 2.59%, half-life 3.78 1010 years), which decays into stable hafnium-176. Radioactive 176Lu is used in one of the techniques of nuclear geo- and cosmochronology (lutetium-hafnium dating). 32 artificial radioisotopes of lutetium are also known (from 150Lu to 184Lu), some of them have metastable states (18 in total).
Soluble salts are low toxic.
Notes
- Michael E. Wieser, Norman Holden, Tyler B. Coplen, John K. Böhlke, Michael Berglund, Willi A. Brand, Paul De Bièvre, Manfred Gröning, Robert D. Loss, Juris Meija, Takafumi Hirata, Thomas Prohaska, Ronny Schoenberg, Glenda O'Connor, Thomas Walczyk, Shige Yoneda, Xiang-Kun Zhu. Atomic weights of the elements 2011 (IUPAC Technical Report) // Pure and Applied Chemistry. - 2013. - Vol. 85, no. 5. - P. 1047-1078. - DOI:10.1351/PAC-REP-13-03-02.
- Chemical encyclopedia: in 5 volumes. / Editorial Board: Knunyants I. L. (chief editor). - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - T. 2. - P. 619. - 671 p. - 100,000 copies.
- WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Lutetium | crystal structures
- Lutetium prices
- Prices for rare earth metal compounds
- Data are based on G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, and C. Thibault (2003). “The AME2003 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references." Nuclear Physics A 729 : 337-676. DOI:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.003. Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729..337A.
- 1 2 Data based on G. Audi, O. Bersillon, J. Blachot and A. H. Wapstra (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties." Nuclear Physics A 729 : 3–128. DOI:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A.
Links
- Lutetium on Webelements
- Lutetium at the Popular Chemical Elements Library
- Lutetium
| Periodic table of chemical elements by D. I. Mendeleev | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | H | He | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2 | Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3 | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | ||||||||||||||||||
| 5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | ||||||||||||||||||
| 6 | Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | ||||
| 7 | Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | MD | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Uut | Fl | Uup | Lv | Uus | Uuo | ||||
| 8 | Uue | Ubn | Ubu | Ubb | Ubt | Ubq | UBP | Ubh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Lutetium
LUTETIUM-I; m. Chemical element (Lu) of the group of rare earth metals (used in nuclear, laser technology, etc.). ● From the name of the city of Lutetia in Gaul on the Seine River (Lutetia), on the site of which Paris is located.
lutetium(lat. Lutetium), a chemical element of group III of the periodic table, belongs to the lanthanides. Name from Lutetia. Silver-white metal. Density 9.849 g/cm 3 t pl 1660°C.
LUTETIUMLUTETIUM (Latin Lutetium, from the Gallic name of Paris - Lutetia, Lutetia), Lu (read “lutetium”), a chemical element with atomic number 71, atomic mass 174.967. Natural lutetium is a mixture of stable 175 Lu (97.40% by mass) and weakly radioactive 176 Lu (2.6%, half-life T 1/2 = 2.4.10 10 years). Configuration of three outer electronic layers 4 s 2
p 6
d 10 f 14
5s 2
p 6
d 1
6s 2
. Forms compounds in the oxidation state +3 (valency III).
Lanthanide. Located in group IIIB of the periodic table, in the sixth period. The radius of the neutral lutetium atom is 0.174 nm, the radius of the Lu 3+ ion is 0.100-0.117 nm. The energies of sequential ionization of the lutetium atom are 6.254, 12.17, 25.5, 43.7 eV. Electronegativity according to Pauling (cm. PAULING Linus) 1,14.
History of discovery
Discovered in 1907 by the French chemist J. Urbain (cm. URBAIN Georges), who discovered and isolated it from ytterbium discovered in 1878 by J. Marignac. (cm. YTTERBIUM)
Being in nature
The content in the earth's crust is 8·10 -5% by weight. Part of minerals such as xenotime (cm. XENOTIM), bastnäsite (cm. BASTNESIT), fergusonite (cm. FERGUSONITE), euxenite.
Receipt
When processing a mixture of rare earth elements isolated from minerals, lutetium is released with the fraction of heavy rare earth elements. Lutetium is separated from other rare earth elements by ion chromatography or extraction. Metallic lutetium is obtained by reducing LuF 3 with calcium.
Physical and chemical properties
Lutetium is a silver-gray metal. Has a hexagonal lattice with parameters A= 0.35031 nm and c =.0.55509 nm. Melting point 1660°C, boiling point 3410°C, density 9.849 kg/dm3. In air it becomes covered with a dense, stable oxide film. At 400°C, lutetium reacts with oxygen, halogens, sulfur and other non-metals. Reacts with mineral acids.
Lu 2 O 3 oxide has weakly basic properties. The base Lu(OH) 3 is weak, therefore, in aqueous solutions, Lu 3+ ions are largely hydrolyzed. Soluble salts of lutetium include chloride, nitrate, acetate and sulfate. Lutetium oxalate, fluoride, carbonate and phosphate are poorly soluble.
Application
Lutetium oxide is used as an additive for high temperature ceramics. Lutetium fluoride is used to produce fluoride laser materials.
encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .
Synonyms:See what "lutetium" is in other dictionaries:
- (Lutetium), Lu, chemical element of group III of the periodic table, atomic number 71, atomic mass 174.967; belongs to rare earth elements; metal. Discovered by the French chemist J. Urbain in 1907... Modern encyclopedia
- (Latin Lutetium) Lu, a chemical element of group III of the periodic table, atomic number 71, atomic mass 174.967, belongs to the lanthanides. Name from Lutetia. Silvery white metal. Density 9.849 g/cm³, melting point 1660.C... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (symbol Lu), a metal element of the LANTANOIDE series, discovered in 1906 together with YTTERBIUM. Obtained from monocite ores. Used as a catalyst, has no industrial significance. Properties: atomic number 71, atomic mass 174.97; density... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
Lu (lat. Lutetium; from lat. Lutetia Parisiorum or Lutetia Lutetia, the name of the main city of the Gallic tribe of Parisians, modern Paris * a. lutecium; n. Lutetium, Kassiopeium; f. lutecium; i. lutecio), chemical. element III gr. periodic systems... ... Geological encyclopedia
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Lutetium
And this is an old woman, gray-haired and stern,
Who milks a hornless cow,
Kicked an old dog without a tail,
Who pulls the cat by the collar,
Which scares and catches the tit,
Who often steals wheat,
Which is kept in a dark closet,
In the house,
Which Jack built...
These children's poems come to mind when you try to briefly retell the story of the discovery of element No. 71 lutetium. Judge for yourself:
new rare earth oxide lutetium isolated by Georges Urbain in 1907 from ytterbium earth,
which in 1878 was isolated by Marignac from erbium earth,
which in 1843 was isolated by Mozander from yttrium earth,
which was discovered by Ekeberg in 1797 in the mineral gadolinite.
Urbain derived the name of the new element from Lutetia , the ancient Latin name for the capital of France, Paris (apparently, as opposed to holmium).
Urbain's priority was disputed by Auer von Welsbach, who discovered element 71 a few months later and named it Cassiopeia. In 1914, the International Commission on Atomic Weights decided to call the element lutetium, but for many years the name “cassiopeia” appeared in the literature, especially German.
Lutetium is the last lanthanide, the heaviest (density 9.849 g/cm 3), the most refractory (melting point 1700 ± 50 ° C), perhaps the most difficult to obtain and one of the most expensive: 12 thousand rubles per kilogram price in 1970.
Of the compounds of element No. 71, perhaps only its trifluoride stands out as the least refractory compound of all trifluorides of rare earth elements. In general, the temperature characteristics of the halides of rare earth elements change naturally, but it is characteristic that when the anion “lightens”, the minimum melting temperature constantly shifts to the right along the lanthanide series. The most fusible iodide is praseodymium, bromide is samarium, chloride is terbium and, finally, fluoride is lutetium.
In full accordance with the rule of lanthanide compression, the lutetium atom has the smallest volume among all lanthanides, and the Lu 3+ ion has the minimum radius, only 0.99 Ǻ. In terms of other characteristics and properties, lutetium differs little from other lanthanides.
Natural lutetium consists of only two isotopes: stable lutetium-175 (97.412%) and beta-active lutetium-176 (2.588%) with a half-life of 20 billion years. So, during the existence of our planet, the amount of lutetium has decreased slightly. Several more radioisotopes of lutetium with half-lives from 22 minutes to 500 days have been artificially obtained. The last isotope of lutetium (neutron-deficient, with a mass number of 166) was obtained in 1968 in Dubna. Among other atomic species of element No. 71, the isomer lutetium-176 is of some interest, which can be used to determine the lutetium content in compounds of rare earth elements by activation analysis. Lutetium-176 (isomer) is obtained from natural lutetium in neutron fluxes of nuclear reactors. The half-life of the isomer is many times less than that of the 176 Lu isotope in the ground state; it is equal to only 3.71 hours. Element No. 71 has no practical significance yet. It is known, however, that the addition of lutetium has a positive effect on the properties of chromium. It is possible that as lutetium becomes more accessible, it will be possible to use it as a catalyst or as an activator of phosphors or in lasers, in a word, where its “brothers” on the lanthanide “team” work successfully.
So the stories about lanthanides are over - elements for which everyone, without exception, is predicted to have a great future. As they say, we'll have to wait and see, but there are reasons for optimism. If Marignac, Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Cleve, Auer von Welsbach, Demarsay and other outstanding researchers of rare earths who lived at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries were told that most of the elements they discovered in the second half of the 20th century. would acquire great practical significance, the discoverers probably would not have believed this statement. Except, perhaps, Urbain; after all, he was not only a chemist, but also an artist...
Lutetium - 71
Lutetium (Lu) is a rare earth element, atomic number 71, atomic mass 174.97, melting point 1652°C, density 9.8 g/cm3.
When in 1907, French research chemists subjected the then-discovered element ytterbium to spectral analysis, it was found that this supposedly independent element consisted of two different elements. The one with the smaller atomic mass was called neoytterbium, and the one with the larger atomic mass was called lutetium, in honor of the ancient city of Lutetia on the Seine River, on the site of which the city of Paris is now located.
Lutetium is contained in the earth's crust in very small quantities - 8x10-5% of the total mass. In nature, lutetium is found mainly in monazite sand and in industrial minerals xenotime, euxenite, and bastnäsite. In natural and man-made raw materials, lutetium oxides are contained in fractions of a percent of the total content: in eudialyte - 0.43%, in the natural Tomtora concentrate - 0.1%.
There are two isotopes of lutetium in nature. One of them, lutetium-176, is radioactive, with beta radioactivity and is long-lived (half-life of millions of years), and the second isotope, lutetium-175, is stable. 32 artificial radioactive isotopes have been created, with a half-life from several hours to several hundred days.
It is quite easy to process; it can be rolled into springy foil. Lutetium is the heaviest rare earth element (in density, it is comparable to molybdenum), the most refractory, one of the most difficult to release and very expensive.
At room temperature in air, lutetium is covered with an oxide film; when heated to 400°C, it easily oxidizes. When heated, it reacts with halogens, sulfur and various other non-metals. Lutetium reacts well with mineral acids, forming salts.
RECEIPT.
After isolation and enrichment from the mixture of rare earth metals, lutetium oxide Lu2O3 is obtained from the concentrate. The separation of rare earth metals is carried out by the method of fractional crystallization, extraction and ion exchange. To obtain metal lutetium, reduction of lutetium fluoride with calcium is used.
APPLICATION.
The very high cost of lutetium significantly limits its widespread use.
Metallurgy. To give chromium alloys better mechanical characteristics and facilitate their processing, these alloys are alloyed with lutetium. Heat-resistant materials and alloys alloyed with lutetium serve much longer.
Laser materials. Lutetium ions are used to generate laser radiation. Lutetium compounds doped with holmium and thulium are used to produce high-energy lasers for defense and medicine.
Information carriers. For the production of storage media on cylindrical magnetic domains, ferrogarnets doped with lutetium are used.
Magnetic materials. To create alloys for very powerful permanent magnets, lutetium-iron-aluminum and lutetium-iron-silicon compounds are used, with the help of which permanent magnets with very high magnetic energy are created.
Heat-resistant ceramics. To create heat-resistant conductive connections, lutetium chromite is sometimes used.
Nuclear energy. Lutetium oxide is used to absorb neutrons in nuclear reactors. Lutetium silicate doped with cerium is used in devices as a particle detector in nuclear physics, particle physics, and atomic medicine.
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Lu - chem. element of group III of the periodic system of elements; at. n. 71,at.m.174.97; belongs to rare earth elements. Lutetium metal is light gray in color; freshly prepared - with a shiny surface. In compounds it exhibits an oxidation state of +3.
Known with mass numbers from 170 to 179, of which the isotope with mass number 175 is stable. Lutetium was discovered (1907) by the French. chemist J. Uroen. The lutetium content in the earth's crust is less than 1 10-4%. Euxenite is also used as industrial minerals for metal production. Lutetium is polymorphic, the polymorphic transformation temperature is approx. 1470° C. Low-temperature modification crystal lattice, hexagonal close-packed magnesium type, with periods a = 3.5051A, c = 5.5497A.
Density 9.840 g/cm3; melting point 1660° C; boiling point 3315° C; coefficient thermal expansion (8-10) 10-6 deg-1; heat capacity (at room temperature) 6.336 cal/g, atom - deg; electrical resistance (temperature 25° C) 68 μm cm; electron work function 3.14 eV. The hardness (HV) of annealed lutetium is 77. The modulus of elasticity is 0.86 10 6 kgf / cm2; shear modulus 0.345 10 6 kgf/cm2; compressibility 23.85 10-7 cm2 / kg; Poisson's ratio 0.233.
Lutetium lends itself easily to fur. processing. Chemically active. At high temperatures, it interacts with oxygen, halogens, sulfur and other non-metals. It oxidizes in air. Melts with many metals, melt it in an inert environment or in a vacuum. Lutetium is obtained by metallothermic reduction. LuF3 fluoride is reduced with calcium in tantalum crucibles and then distilled (to remove impurities). Lutetium is produced in the form of small ingots. Pure Lutetium is used for research purposes.
Lit.: Figurovsky N. A. Discovery of chemical elements and the origin of their names.
Article on the topic Lutetium chemical element
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