The construction of modern facilities is not complete without reinforced concrete structures. Such structures have many advantages. The iron frame is protected on all sides by concrete, which has a long service life and is not afraid of rain, snow, heat or frost. Iron and concrete are a great tandem! Reinforced concrete products are consolidated both during tension, compression and bending, and during twisting and shearing. The metal frame helps to achieve stability, strength and hardness of the structure, and serves to reduce the size and weight of the device. Using various technologies, they produce monolithic, prefabricated, precast-monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete structures with non-prestressed and prestressed reinforcement.
Design Features
Reinforced concrete structures have found application in the construction of residential buildings, industrial buildings and engineering buildings. Prefabricated reinforced concrete is most often used, but monolithic and precast-monolithic are also found. In order to obtain a product with the smallest mass, as far as technology allows, and to reduce labor and materials costs, high-quality concrete mortar and high-strength reinforcement are used for reinforced concrete structures.
The main types of reinforced concrete products are used in construction, where the temperature does not exceed fifty degrees Celsius and does not drop to minus seventy degrees. Reinforced concrete structures are used more often than steel or stone ones in the construction of the following objects:
- airfields;
- nuclear reactors;
- bunker;
- high chimneys;
- various massive structures;
- warehouse buildings;
- roads;
- foundations;
- offshore structures;
- factory buildings.
Often reinforced concrete products are the basis for the construction of industrial facilities and residential buildings. The advantages of reinforced concrete structures are:
- strength, which only increases over time;
- durability;
- resistance to fire;
- relatively affordable price;
- possibility of making it yourself;
- resistance to seismic activity;
- the ability of reinforced concrete to take various architectural forms.
Disadvantages include:
- formation of cracks;
- heavy weight;
- additional insulation is required;
- thermal conductivity.
Main types of structures
Based on the type of production, they are distinguished:
- Prefabricated. They are very popular due to the most mechanized construction.
- Monolithic. They are used in the construction of monolithic structures, for example, hydraulic structures, heavy foundations.
- Prefabricated monolithic. Prefabricated monolithic elements are connected both by concrete and by welding.
By area of use there are:
- for residential buildings;
- for industrial buildings;
- for public buildings and structures.
Reinforced concrete products can be: non-stressed and. The most popular reinforced concrete products used for construction:
- panels;
- foundations;
- beams;
- floor slabs.
Panels
A common type of reinforced concrete structures are panels, which are used in the construction of buildings and structures for residential and industrial purposes. The panel has a flat rectangular shape, which can have openings for doors and windows, as well as projections for window sills.
When transporting panels, they are installed in a vertical position at an angle of ten degrees. When transporting several panels at once, it is necessary to prevent their contact, so pads are laid between them.
Farms
Reinforced concrete trusses are used for floors in industrial buildings and cultural buildings. They look like a flat rectangular structure with gratings. When transporting products, they are given a vertical position.
Trusses made of reinforced concrete have high strength, rigidity, fire-fighting properties and frost resistance. Products are made from heavy, light or structural concrete, mainly aggloporite concrete and expanded clay concrete. When using a reinforced concrete truss, you should carefully approach its installation. An accurate calculation of the load-bearing capacity of the building is carried out. They check the quality of the elements, dimensions and prepare the place of support.
Beams and crossbars
Beams and crossbars are used in the construction of foundations and roofs; they act as load-bearing elements for the installation of crane mechanisms. Beams are produced single-pitched, double-pitched or rectangular. During transportation of the beam, the crossbars are installed vertically in the vehicle. To support the beams, they use pads installed under the lower plane of the products. Depending on the length of the structure, the distance between the pads is determined. The sides of the beams and crossbars are fastened along their entire height. Transportation of beams is allowed only in a vertical position; horizontal transportation is prohibited, as there is a risk of destruction of the products. When transporting several elements at the same time, separators with a thickness of more than ten centimeters are laid between them.
Piles
Reinforced concrete structures in the form of piles are used for the foundations of industrial and residential buildings. Piles are used to erect structures on unstable soils. When transporting piles, they are given a horizontal position, ensuring support on special supports. It is allowed to lay piles on a vehicle when transporting in tiers.
They are highly resistant to chemicals and corrosion, waterproof and frost-resistant. Piles are easy to install with special equipment and can provide the structure being built with durability, high strength and reliability.
Racks for power transmission line supports. Reinforced concrete racks or power line racks provide a supporting element for lighting fixtures and power lines. During transportation, it is allowed to transport the racks together in one group, ensuring a horizontal position. During transportation, support for the racks should be prepared in the form of a special lining.
The main purpose of reinforced concrete racks is the ability to reliably hold electrical wires at the required distance from the surface of the earth or water. The reliability and strength of the supports is achieved by using a reinforcement frame and a special type of concrete mortar in the design of the products. Individually, each power line rack differs in purpose and design. There are end, intermediate, corner and anchor supports made of reinforced concrete. Single-chain and multi-chain are also produced.
Reinforced concrete products (RCP) are widely used in all areas of construction, from housing to engineering. For the construction of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, prefabricated reinforced concrete products are used, the production of which is carried out by injection molding in a factory.
This article discusses concrete and reinforced concrete products, their scope of application, classification, varieties and labeling. We will also tell you how to install reinforced concrete structures using crane equipment.
General information about concrete products
Reinforced concrete products are prefabricated building elements of increased strength, which is achieved through the joint work of metal and concrete. Concrete, as a material, is characterized by increased resistance to compressive loads, but it is highly vulnerable to bending and tensile loads, the resistance to which is almost 15 times less than to compressive deformation.
These loads are absorbed and compensated by steel reinforcement, through which reinforced concrete structures are strengthened. The metal has a high tensile strength, as a result of which reinforced concrete products reinforced with non-rebar are equally resistant to loads of different types.
The joint work of steel and concrete is achieved due to the strong adhesion of the two materials to each other, while they have almost the same coefficient of thermal expansion, which guarantees the monolithic nature of reinforced concrete. An additional advantage is that concrete protects the reinforcement embedded in it from corrosion.
All types of reinforced concrete products, depending on the method of reinforcement, are classified into two types:
- reinforced concrete structures with conventional reinforcement;
- prestressed reinforced concrete structures.
Precast concrete products with conventional reinforcement are strengthened solely by reinforcement. However, this strengthening technology does not ensure the crack resistance of structures in the phase of maximum tension of concrete, since its tensile strength is 2 mm/l.m, while that of steel is 5 mm/l.m. In the future, moisture may enter into the cracks that appear, which will lead to corrosion of the reinforcement frame.
To make reinforced concrete structures resistant to cracking, the technology of prestressing reinforcement is used. Its essence lies in the fact that the reinforcement placed in the formwork is tensioned using a hydraulic jack (the second edge of the rods is fixed on the stop), after which the formwork is filled with concrete, it is allowed to partially harden and the rods are released. As a result, with the tightening of the rods, the concrete adhering to them is compacted, which increases the density, rigidity and deformation resistance of reinforced concrete products.
Pre-tensioned reinforced concrete products are superior to structures with conventional reinforcement in strength, crack resistance and durability. Therefore, modern industry is focused on increasing their production volumes.
1.1 Classification of reinforced concrete products
The technology of production, operation and quality requirements for reinforced concrete products are given in the regulatory standard SNiP No. 2.03.01-84 “Concrete and reinforced concrete structures”, according to which the classification of products is carried out according to the following factors:
- method of reinforcement;
- type and volumetric weight of concrete;
- internal structure (solid and hollow);
- appointment.
Varieties of reinforced concrete products by type of reinforcement were discussed in the previous section. Depending on the volumetric weight of concrete, all reinforced concrete products are classified into:
- reinforced concrete structures made of extra-heavy concrete - weight more than 2500 kg/m 3 ;
- from heavy concrete - weight 1800-2500 kg/m 3;
- their lightweight cellular type concrete - weight 500-1800 kg/m 3;
- heat-insulating reinforced concrete structures made of extra-light concrete - weight up to 500 kg/m 3 .
Precast concrete products of the same type are often produced in different shapes and sizes, for example, corner, U-shaped and window sill wall blocks. Note that the concrete solution used for concreting factory-produced structures differs from conventional ready-mixed concrete in the smaller fraction of crushed stone (3-10 mm) , which ensures uniform filling of the injection mold.
1.2 Precast concrete production technology (video)
2 Main types of reinforced concrete structures and their markings
The range of reinforced concrete products includes more than 20 different items; let’s look at the symbols of the main ones:
- beams - B (crane beams - BK, rafters - BS, strapping - BO);
- columnar - K;
- staircase steps - LM, landings - LP;
- support cushions - OP;
- jumpers - PR;
- crossbars - P;
- piles - C;
- sleepers - Ш;
- rafter trusses - FS, truss trusses - FP;
- non-pressure pipes - TF, pressure pipes - BT.
According to their functional purpose, concrete and reinforced concrete structures are divided into 4 main groups:
- Precast concrete products for housing construction.
- Precast concrete products for industrial buildings.
- Precast concrete products for engineering structures.
- Concrete products for general construction purposes.
The group of reinforced concrete products for the construction of residential buildings includes floor slabs, piles, wall panels, foundation blocks, trays, lintels and beams. This class of reinforced concrete products can be made from concrete grade M150 and higher, and for piles - at least M200.
The use of slabs and blocks for prefabricated foundations is widespread. The slabs are produced in sizes from 120*80*40 cm to 320*120*50 cm, the standard block size is 300*60*60 cm. The weight of one element of prefabricated foundations, in accordance with the requirements of SNiP, should not exceed 3 tons.
In multi-storey construction, the use of prefabricated building frames is practiced. Frames consist of columns, roof beams, rafter beams, crossbars and purlins. For the manufacture of frame elements, concrete grade M200 and higher is used. After assembly, the supporting structures are covered with wall panels.
Floor slabs are produced in a rectangular shape with round or oval voids; large-sized structures are provided with stiffening ribs. Slabs can be made from both heavy concrete and concrete with porous aggregates.
2.1 Technical characteristics and features of choosing reinforced concrete products
The design of reinforced concrete structures is carried out taking into account the characteristics of the concrete used for their production. The main property of concrete is compressive strength, which determines its grade. This characteristic is indicated in the marking of concrete products with the letter “M”; in total there are 16 strength grades from M50 to M800. The numerical nomenclature indicates what load (in kilograms) 1 cm 2 of concrete can withstand.
Also, reinforced concrete and stone structures have such characteristics as tensile resistance (BT marking) and bending resistance (BTb), which are determined by the properties of the reinforced concrete frame embedded in the concrete. Requirements for the properties of reinforcement for reinforcing reinforced concrete products are given in the GOST standard 5781-82 “Hot-rolled steel for reinforcing reinforced concrete structures.”
Another important characteristic that must be taken into account when choosing concrete products is its frost resistance class. It is this parameter that determines the durability of the structure, since it indicates the maximum number of freezing/thawing cycles that a particular brand of concrete can withstand. Frost resistance is indicated by the F nomenclature, which can vary within the range of F15-F200.
Let us also note such an indicator as the degree of water resistance (W), the maximum water pressure that a reinforced concrete product can withstand while maintaining the tightness of its walls depends on it.
When purchasing reinforced concrete products, you must be guided by all of the above characteristics and choose products that are suitable in terms of characteristics for use in your region. This way you will get durable building material and save money in the future, since repairing reinforced concrete structures is not a cheap task.
Pay attention to the presence of obvious defects - reinforcement protrusions from the concrete plane, incorrect location of mounting loops, cracks on the surface. Such reinforced concrete products cannot be used. If a network of microcracks is detected on an already in use structure, they can be repaired with a special repair mortar or a mixture of cement and PVA glue. Large damages are repaired with a regular cement-sand mixture.
To obtain more detailed information about reinforced concrete products, we recommend studying the textbook “Technology of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Products” by Yu.M. Bazhenov. The book examines in detail the design and calculation of reinforced concrete structures, their production technology and installation rules.
K category: Selection of building materials
Main types of precast concrete products
Classification. Prefabricated reinforced concrete products and structures are widely used in all areas of modern construction. The industry produces a large number of different types of prefabricated reinforced concrete products and structures. The classification of reinforced concrete products is based on the following characteristics: type of reinforcement, density and type of concrete from which the product is made, internal structure of the product and its purpose.
Based on the type of reinforcement, reinforced concrete products are divided into prestressed and conventionally reinforced.
Based on the density and type of concrete, products made from extra-heavy, heavy, light and extra-light concrete are distinguished. Lightweight concrete products, in turn, can be produced using porous aggregates and cellular concrete.
Depending on the type of binder, products made from cement concrete, silicate concrete and gypsum concrete are distinguished.
According to the internal structure, products can be solid or hollow, made from one type of concrete (single-layer products) or from several types of concrete (for example, three-layer ones - from cellular concrete, covered on both sides with dense fine-grained concrete).
According to their intended purpose, reinforced concrete products are divided into three groups: for residential and public buildings, for industrial buildings and for engineering structures. In turn, products for residential, public and industrial buildings are divided into products for foundations, building frames, walls, floors and coverings, stairs and sanitary equipment.
Products for building foundations (Fig. 1). Foundation slabs are massive reinforced concrete elements of a trapezoidal (Fig. 1, a) or rectangular shape, laid directly on the ground when constructing the foundation.
Glass-type foundation blocks (Fig. 1, d) are used in frame buildings to support columns. They can consist of either one element or two (a separate block and a glass).
Rice. 1. Products for foundations: a - pillow block, b, c - solid and hollow blocks for basement walls, d - glass-type block
Concrete blocks for basement walls are elements in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped (Fig. 1, b and c) made of heavy concrete, expanded clay concrete and silicate concrete with a density of at least 1800 kg/m3 and grade 100, 150 and 200. The blocks are reinforced only with mounting reinforcement. Grooves are arranged in the end part of the blocks, which are filled with mortar during installation. Expanded clay concrete blocks may have discontinuous voids open downwards. The blocks are used for constructing strip foundations and erecting basement walls for buildings of all types.
Products for building frames (columns; horizontal connections - crossbars, purlins, beams; trusses and arches) are made from heavy concrete grades of at least 200 and reinforced with load-bearing reinforcement. Crossbars, beams and trusses are often made of stress-reinforced concrete. All products have metal embedded parts for reliable connection with each other and load transfer.
Products for frames of industrial buildings (Fig. 2) differ from similar products for residential buildings in their greater load-bearing capacity and size. Thus, the height of columns for residential buildings reaches 7.5, and for industrial buildings 35 m.
Beams, depending on the span to be covered, can have a T-section or I-section with holes in the vertical wall to reduce its weight. Beams are made from concrete grades 300…400; the reinforcement is often stressed. Beam length - 12; 18 and 24 m.
Trusses (Fig. 3) are used as elements of coverings with a span of 30 m or more; prefabricated reinforced concrete arches - for spans over 60 m.
Wall concrete and reinforced concrete blocks are intended for residential and public buildings, as well as industrial and agricultural buildings. They produce a wide range of blocks for external and internal walls. The size of the blocks depends on the design of the building and the wall cutting scheme: for example, the length of the blocks can be 400...3300 mm, height 300...3900 mm. The thickness is determined for thermal and design reasons: for external walls 200...600 mm, for internal walls - 160...300 mm.
Rice. 2. Scheme of a one-story industrial building with a reinforced concrete frame
One of the design options for an external wall made of blocks is shown in Fig. 34. Solid lines indicate the dimensions of the blocks for a two-row cut, dotted lines for a four-row cut. Wall blocks 2 have only mounting fittings; they are made with quarters, which are used to install window blocks and form vertical joints between blocks. The lintel blocks are made of reinforced concrete, capable of absorbing the load from the interfloor ceiling.
For external walls, blocks can be single- or double-layer. They are made from various types of concrete. Single-layer blocks of external walls are made mainly from lightweight concrete on porous aggregates of grades M50...M100, with a density of 900...1500 kg/m3 or cellular concrete of grades M25...M100, with a density of 600...1000 kg/m3. Two-layer blocks of insulating and insulating layers are used mainly for buildings with high air humidity. The insulating layer is made of structural and thermal insulating concrete (usually lightweight concrete on foam aggregates of grade M50.
Rice. 3. Reinforced concrete truss
Rice. 4. Wall structure made of large blocks (view from inside the room): 1 - lintel block, 2 - wall block, 3 - window sill block, 4 - floor slab
The blocks of internal walls are made single-layer. The type and brand of concrete used depend on the design of the wall (heavy concrete grades M100...M200 and light cellular grades M25...M50 are used).
External wall blocks are produced with a finished (painted, tiled) external surface and an internal surface prepared for finishing. Interior wall blocks are produced with surfaces ready for finishing.
Wall panels - large-sized elements (usually a floor high and up to 6 m long) for the installation of fully prefabricated buildings (Fig. 35) - depending on the purpose and design features, are divided into the following types: - external wall panels of heated buildings, made of lightweight concrete porous aggregates, cellular concrete or heavy concrete with a heat-insulating layer; – panels of external walls of unheated buildings and internal load-bearing walls, made of heavy or light concrete; – partition panels, usually made of gypsum concrete.
Rice. 5. Scheme of a large-panel prefabricated residential building: 1 - foundation block, 2 - floor panel, 3 - load-bearing panel of the internal wall, 4 - covering panel, 5 - external wall panel
Rice. 6. Wall panels finished with carpet mosaics
Grades of heavy concrete for external wall panels - not lower than 200, for internal ones - not lower than 150; Lightweight concrete of all types must have a grade of at least 50.
The most widely used panels in housing and public construction are panels made of lightweight concrete with porous aggregates and panels made of autoclaved cellular concrete. The thickness of the panels, depending on the type of concrete and climatic conditions at the construction site, is 160...400 mm. The weight of the panels reaches 5 tons. In technical and economic terms, large-sized vibro-rolled expanded clay concrete panels have the highest advantages.
The panels (Fig. 6) are produced with external protective and decorative finishing (ceramic tiles, decorative concrete, waterproof paints, etc.) and internal, prepared for finishing. Painted and glazed window and door units must be installed in place.
Elements of interfloor ceilings. Reinforced concrete floor panels are used in buildings of all types. Panel size: length 2.4...12 m, width 1.2...3.6 m, thickness 220 mm. The panels are made of concrete grade of at least 200 and reinforced with conventional or prestressed reinforcement.
In addition to load-bearing capacity, floor panels must meet sound insulation requirements. In order to increase sound insulation properties and reduce weight, panels are made with voids (mainly round cross-section) or from lightweight concrete with porous aggregates; ribbed floor panels with soundproofing layers are used. The lower side of the panel serves as the ceiling and is produced ready for finishing, while the upper side serves as the base of the floor.
Panels and slabs of coverings. Depending on the roof design, they must satisfy, in addition to load-bearing capacity, the requirements of hydro- and vapor barrier, and for combined (warm) roofs - also thermal insulation.
Coating panels are made in single layers from heavy and light concrete on porous aggregates; layered with a load-bearing structure made of heavy concrete and a heat-insulating layer of cellular concrete or other insulation; combined in the form of a slab of cellular concrete with ribs of heavy concrete. The grade of heavy concrete should be at least 200, light concrete with porous aggregates - at least 150 and cellular concrete - at least 50.
Sanitary fixtures. Elements of water supply, sewerage, ventilation, etc. can also be made in the form of prefabricated reinforced concrete products. Water supply and sewer pipes are embedded in the body of special panels; heating panels are obtained in the same way. For ventilation devices, special blocks with through channels are used. The height of the blocks is determined in accordance with the height of the room, the width depends on the number of channels and pipes in them. The use of such blocks greatly simplifies sanitary and technical work at a construction site.
Sanitary cabins are fully equipped and finished volumetric elements: they have bathtubs, sinks, toilets, faucets, and the entire pipe system is concentrated inside the rear hollow wall of the cabin; such cabins are only connected to the appropriate networks at a construction site.
Flights of stairs and landings are made of concrete grade no lower than 200. The steps of the stairs must have a finished surface. Staircase landings are usually covered with ceramic tiles. Flights of stairs and landings can be made in the form of one solid element. Stairs are used in both precast concrete and brick buildings.
Reinforced concrete lintels for covering window and door openings in brick buildings can be bar, slab and beam with a molded quarter to support the floor panels. The lintels are made of heavy or light (with porous aggregates) concrete. Concrete grade is at least 200. Concrete grade for frost resistance, depending on climatic conditions, is Mrz 35... Mrz 200.
Products for engineering structures. Reinforced concrete products are widely used in road construction (road pavement slabs, side stones, elements of bridges and overpasses, sleepers, lighting poles and overhead contact poles); during the construction of urban utility networks (pressure and non-pressure reinforced concrete pipes with a diameter of 0.5 to 3 m, collector elements, etc.); during the construction of hydraulic structures and reclamation systems.
Block rooms and block apartments. A further development of prefabricated construction was the factory production of large-sized volumetric building elements: kitchen blocks, sanitary units, block rooms of various sizes. Such volumetric elements are fully factory-ready: all pipes are laid in them, the necessary equipment is installed, and electrical wiring is done. The construction of buildings from volumetric blocks comes down only to the installation of elements in a certain sequence and the connection of all their communications. The disadvantage of volumetric elements is their significant dimensions, which complicate their delivery and installation.
- Main types of precast concrete products
What is concrete goods?
Products in which two materials are inextricably linked: concrete and metal reinforcement are called reinforced concrete products - reinforced concrete. Concrete and metal reinforcement have approximately the same rate of linear thermal expansion. During the operation of various reinforced concrete, metal and concrete change in linear dimensions approximately equally, thereby not destroying each other. At reinforced concrete factories, concrete, placed in a metal mold with a pre-installed metal frame, acquires the required dimensions, and the metal imparts the necessary strength characteristics to the reinforced concrete product.
As is known, hardened concrete mixture resists compressive loads very well and has poor resistance to bending. Metal reinforcement, when introduced into the concrete mixture in the form of a spatial frame, significantly increases the ability of reinforced concrete to withstand bending loads.
Depending on the area of application of reinforced concrete products, the dimensions and location of the reinforcement cage change.
Advantages of using reinforced concrete products
The use of reinforced concrete significantly reduces construction time. Reinforced concrete products are delivered to construction sites in finished form, thereby reducing the installation time of reinforced concrete structures. The production of reinforced concrete products is established in specialized factories Concrete products and reinforced concrete plants. Precast concrete products are delivered to construction sites having passed factory quality control inspection. Compared to monolithic construction, there is no need to carry out incoming concrete inspection and control the quantity and quality of metal frame installation. The use of hollow-core floor slabs significantly reduces the weight of building floors and lightens the load on the foundation compared to a monolithic floor slab.
AND- iron; female; magazine
and.– female; liquid; liquid; residents
JA – railway administration; ventricular arrhythmia (med.)
TOAD– Creepy academically brilliant certification (English) Nastily Exhausting Wizarding Tests, NEWT; exams that Hogwarts students take after the 7th year [the school of wizardry in the Harry Potter series of novels by J. Rowling]; other translation options – SPIDER, TRIT)
JAKT– housing-rental cooperative partnership
ZhAT– railway automation and telemechanics
reinforced concrete– reinforced concrete; reinforced concrete
reinforced concrete (reinforced concrete; reinforced concrete) – reinforced concrete; reinforced concrete
Concrete products– reinforced concrete product(products)
ZhBK- reinforced concrete structures
ZhBO– liquid household waste; housing and welfare
RHS– reinforced concrete firing point
ZhBR– journal of concrete works
Concrete concrete products– living conditions
ZhVVKUMP (zhvvkump) – high quality pearl wines of the established place of production
ZhVL– vital medicines
ZhVLS– vital medicines
VED– vital medications chemical drugs
ZHVO- vital organ
ZhVP– vital drugs
ZhVPR– reversible trailed roller header
ZHVS– water sports vest
ZHS– housing and civil construction
Railway – gendarme division (historical); Railway; railway; women's movement; HDD; House
railway
railway- Railway; railway
railway– railway
ZhDA– iron deficiency anemia (med.)
railway– railway battalion (zheldorbat)
railway brigade- railway brigade
Railway BTNB– Railway “Berkakit-Tommot-Nizhny Bestyakh”
Railway PM– Railway worker – Perm motors
ZhDV– railway troops
Railways– Zheleznogorsk orphanage
ZhIP (ZhDP) - Live long and prosper! (English) LLAP, “Live long and prosper!”) is a Vulcan gesture in the science fiction television series Star Trek. Star Trek), a raised palm with the middle and ring fingers spread apart and the thumb extended
railway station– railway building
ZDN- railway invoice
ZhDP– railway company
ZhDT- railway transport
ZhDTOP– public railway transport
ZhDSHL– Sri Lanka Railways
WAITING– Railways of Yakutia (company); Pearl heritage of Yakutia (ensemble)
vital capacity– vital capacity of the lungs (med.)
LJ– LiveJournal LiveJournal, abbr. L.J.)
LJO– yellow iron oxide pigment
ZhZ– protective vest; housing legislation
ZhZI– A life of great ideas
ZhZL– Lives of remarkable people (book series); light protective vest
ZhZP– Life of wonderful programs
ZHT– titanium protective vest
ZHI– housing inspection
JIG– yttrium iron garnet (laser crystal)
ZhIP – gastric inhibitory polypeptide (med); housing and property law
LCD – gendarme team (ist.); gastrointestinal (med.); Women's consultation; liquid crystal; liquid crystal; housing committee; housing complex; Housing Code; residential complex
ZhKB– cholelithiasis (med.)
LCD (J.K.V.D.) – transliteration of English. abbr. JCVD – Jean-Claude Van Damme(2008 pseudo-realistic drama directed by Mabrouk El Mekri, starring Jean-Claude Van Damme)
LCD– liquid crystal display
LCD– gastrointestinal infections (med.); liquid crystal indicator
Housing and communal services– gastrointestinal bleeding (med.)
Housing and communal services– liquid municipal waste; housing and communal services department
housing and communal services– railway code of registration
Housing complex of the Russian Federation (LCD) – Housing Code of the Russian Federation
FSW– housing and communal services; housing and communal services; Zhilkomservice (LLC)
Gastrointestinal tract– gastrointestinal tract (med.)
Housing and communal services – liquid complex fertilizer; housing and communal services
Housing and communal services- Department of Housing and Utilities (joking transcript - live as you want; live like masters)
ZhM– dream woman
w/m– housing estate (housing area)
JMBB– stomach is soft, painless (med.)
ZhMZ– Zhulyany Machine-Building Plant
JMNO– Journal of the Ministry of Public Education
ZHMNP– Journal of the Ministry of Public Education
ZhMP– Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate
LMT– liquid metal coolant; liquid metal cooled reactor
WNBA– Women's National Basketball Association
VED– vital and essential medicines
VED – Vital and essential drugs (until 2011 - VED)
VED– Vital and essential medicines (since 2011 – VED)
ZhNK– housing savings cooperative
ZHNER– Zhigansky national Evenki district
JO– gendarmerie district (historical); liquid cooling
ZhOV– housing provision for military personnel
ZHOZ– residential and public buildings
JO and PA (asshole) – Livestock equipment and food units (faculty)
JOX– multi-core cable connection between electric train cars (railroad)
ASS– Livestock equipment and food units (faculty); (joking transcript: pity, a very useful abbreviation; pity, a very useful acronym; a living organ anticipating an accident)
ZhORKH– Journal of Organic Chemistry (journal)
ZhP – gendarme regiment (historical); living space
JPNPG- residential premises unsuitable for citizens to live in
FGM– female genital organs (med.)
HFPP- residential premises suitable for citizens to live in
ZhPR– gastroesophageal reflux (med.)
ZHPU– Gendarmerie Police Department (source)
ZHPUZHD– Gendarmerie Police Department of Railways (source)
ZHRW
LRE – liquid rocket engine; liquid jet engine
ZhRK– railway missile system
LRW– liquid radioactive waste
Iron ore– Zhilremstroy ( OOO )
ZhRFO– Journal of the Russian Physical Society
ZHRFHO– Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society
ZhREO– housing repair and operational association; housing repair and maintenance association
ZhS – life situation; life strategy; residential section; housing construction; Zhilservice ( OOO )
JSA– yolk salt agar
WHS– women who have sex with women
Housing cooperative– housing construction cooperative; Housing systems of Krasnoyarsk (management company)
ZhSS– iron-binding ability of serum (honey); liquid glass mixture
ZHSTL– life strategy of a creative personality
ZhT- railway transport; ventricular tachycardia (med.)
ZhTK– Railway trading company; railway transport corridor; housing and labor cooperative
ZhTF– Journal of Technical Physics
ZHU– gendarmerie department (historical)
ZhUZD– gendarmerie department of the railway (source)
JF– housing stock; housing stock
ZhFSI– housing stock for social use
LC – liquid chromatography; liquid chromatograph
ZHTSDO– Zhigansky Center for Continuing Education
LCI– product life cycle
HCV- Black Lives Matter Black Lives Matter, BLM; social movement in the USA)
PVC– gendarmerie squadron (source)
Housing office– housing maintenance office
housing and communal services– housing maintenance organization; housing maintenance department
ZhES– railway power station; ventricular extrasystole (med.); housing maintenance service
JETP– Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics
housing department– housing maintenance department; housing maintenance department; housing maintenance area
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