Voronezh early warning radar stations. Long-range radar station Long-range radar station

In the midst of the New Year holidays, the press service of the Ministry of Defense announced that in the beginning of the year three Voronezh early warning radars would be put into service. They will be added to the four stations of this type currently on combat duty. By 2020, it is planned to replace all radars of previous generations with new developments.

The Voronezh radars are new generation stations on which the Missile Attack Warning System (MAWS) is based. The SPNR also includes the space segment, which began to unfold last year. In November, the first satellite 14F142 “Tundra” was launched, tracking ICBM launches using the plume of working rocket engines.

In the beginning there were the "Egyptian pyramids"

The idea of ​​​​creating SPNR as an integral part of the missile defense system arose in the early 50s, when neither we nor the United States had intercontinental ballistic missiles. Work on the creation of a long-range detection radar began after the decision of the USSR Government in 1954 to develop a missile defense system for Moscow. The director of the Radio Engineering Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RTI) was appointed chief designer of the radar. Alexander Lvovich Mints. Soon, the Research Institute of Long-Range Radio Communications (NIIDAR) also became involved in the creation of a radar for SPNR. Currently in Russia, these two institutes, united into the RTI Systems Concern, are working on solving this problem.

Due to the fact that the creation of global radars capable of detecting flying missiles at a distance of three thousand kilometers or more was a completely new task for radio engineers, the development of the first long-range radars lasted almost ten years. And along this path, the classical theory was even significantly improved. In particular, Novosibirsk engineer Nikolai Ivanovich Kabanov discovered the effect named after him. The Kabanov effect made it possible to create over-the-horizon radars that receive meter-range radio waves reflected not only from the ionosphere, but also from the earth's surface.

The first RSLs were above the horizon, that is, they tracked objects within direct radio visibility. These were grandiose structures, the construction of which took from 5 to 10 years. Only at the end of the 60s were two Dniester radars put on combat duty. Soon a new modification appeared - “Dnepr”. Through the efforts of two institutes during the Soviet period, such radars as “Danube”, “Duga”, “Daugava”, “Volga”, “Don-2N”, “Daryal” were developed and put into operation.

The grandeur of long-range radars of the first and second generations is illustrated by the Don-2N all-round radar station, which was put on combat duty in Sofrin near Moscow in 1996. Its construction required 30 thousand tons of metal, 50 thousand tons of concrete, 20 thousand kilometers of cable, and more than 100 kilometers of cooling water pipes were laid. Geometrically, the station is a truncated pyramid with a base side of 144 meters and a height of 35 meters. The radiated pulse power of the antennas is 250 MW.

The station operates in the centimeter range. It is capable of identifying the warhead of an ICBM at a distance of 3,700 km with a range error of 10 m.

In 1994, during joint Russian-American experiments to track small space objects, metal balls with a diameter of 5, 10 and 15 centimeters were released from the Space Shuttle. The American radar detected only the last two balls. "Don-2N" detected and tracked the trajectory of a 5-centimeter at a distance of 1,500 km.

“Don-2N” is a “piece” station operating in the Moscow missile defense system. The most powerful Soviet development of a serial long-range radar is the Daryal. Two such stations were put into service in the mid-80s - in the Komi Republic and in Azerbaijan. The receiving antenna is an active phased array measuring 100x100 meters, the transmitting antenna dimensions are 40x40 meters. The station, operating in the meter range, is capable of detecting and simultaneously tracking about 100 targets the size of a soccer ball at a distance of up to 6,000 km. The pulse power of the transmitting antenna is 380 MW.

The construction of eight more stations was planned, but all projects were curtailed due to the cessation of funding.

The network of Soviet SPNR radars, which allows monitoring almost the entire planet, was severely damaged as a result of the collapse of the USSR. The republics that gained independence forced Russia to dismantle the stations located on their territory. Perhaps only Belarus has not abandoned its “brotherly” obligations. We had to build new stations, which is a very expensive pleasure. The cost of one long-range detection radar reaches several billion rubles.

New generation radar

Soviet long-range radars are being replaced by third-generation stations of the Voronezh family, developed by RTI and NIIDAR. These are stations of high factory readiness - their installation takes a year to a year and a half, instead of 5 to 10 years. This was achieved through the use of a limited number of prefabricated modules in container design, which are mounted on a concrete platform the size of a football field. The residential and service premises of the garrison are also assembled from block modules.

Significantly lower energy consumption. If Daryal consumes power equal to 50 MW, then the two types of new radars consume 0.7 MW each, and the high-potential modification consumes 10 MW. This benefits not only the cost of operation, but also a less cumbersome cooling system using distilled water.

Accordingly, new stations are much cheaper - 1.5 billion rubles versus 10 - 20 billion.

Reducing dimensions and energy consumption while maintaining high technical and operational characteristics was achieved through the miniaturization of equipment, as well as through the use of powerful computing technology that optimizes the operation of stations and allows achieving higher resolution while reducing energy costs.

The family includes:

— “Voronezh-M” meter range. Development of RTI named after. Mintsa;

— “Voronezh-DM” UHF. Development by NIIDAR;

— “Voronezh-VP” is a high-potential radar. Development of RTI named after. Mintsa. Frequency characteristics are not disclosed, but a number of sources suggest a millimeter range.

Stations have different radio technical characteristics, predetermined by the circuits used and the principles of control of the emitted signals. The error in determining the object's range is not reported. But, of course, it is no worse than that of Daryal, that is, no more than 5 meters. At the same time, due to the existing ability to change the signal, the stations are able to “adjust” to targets for better identification and tracking. Up to 500 targets are simultaneously tracked.

Radars of the Voronezh family, due to the high degree of unification of components, can be modernized in order to increase their capabilities in terms of range and accuracy of target determination.

The range is from 4500 km to 6000 km. The height of detected objects is up to 4000 km. That is, Voronezh operates both with ballistic and aerodynamic aircraft and with satellites.

Currently there are 4 stations on alert:

— “Voronezh-M” (Lekhtusi, Leningrad region) controls the airspace from the coast of Morocco to Spitsbergen. Modernization is planned, thanks to which it will be possible to control the eastern coast of the United States;

— “Voronezh-DM” (Armavir of the Krasnodar Territory) controls the airspace from Southern Europe to the northern coast of Africa;

— “Voronezh-DM” (Pionersky, Kaliningrad region) controls the airspace over all of Europe, including the UK;

— “Voronezh-VP” (Mishlevka, Irkutsk region) controls the airspace from the west coast of the United States to India.

3 stations, currently in trial operation, will be put on combat duty this year:

— “Voronezh-DM” (Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk Territory);

— “Voronezh-DM” (Barnaul, Altai Territory);

— “Voronezh-M” (Orsk, Orenburg region).

Currently, two radar stations are being built - in the Komi Republic and in the Amur region. Construction of another one - in Murmanskaya - is planned for next year.

American radars

The United States began to create long-range detection radars almost in parallel with the Soviet Union. In the late 60s they installed three first generation AN/FPS-49 radars in Alaska, Greenland and the UK at their base at Fylingdales. It was the development of a talented radio engineer David Barton. He went his own original way, creating, unlike Soviet designers, not an “Egyptian pyramid”, but three “golf balls” each 40 meters in diameter. Inside the fiberglass spheres there were parabolic antennas with a diameter of 25 meters. All-round visibility was provided by rotating the antennas around a vertical axis.

The AN/FPS-49 radar suited the Americans for 40 years. After which it was replaced by the AN/FPS-126, which used an active phased array antenna mounted on three sides of a truncated tetrahedron. The target detection range was 4500 km.

In the new century, replacement began with the latest development - AN/FPS-132. It is also a tetrahedron 40 meters high. Three antenna planes operate in the UHF range. At the same time, the peak power of the emitting antenna is 2.5 MW. The detection and tracking range of several hundred objects is 5500 km.

Subsequently, new ones began to be added to the three bases equipped with long-range detection radars. The latest AN/FPS-132 radar is currently operating in California. Previous models - from AN/FPS-115 to AN/FPS-129 - are installed in North Dakota, Massachusetts, Norway, Taiwan and the Marshall Islands. An early warning station is planned for Qatar.

Radar with parabolic antenna

Radar station(radar), radar(English radar from radio detection and ranging - radio detection and ranging) - a system for detecting air, sea and ground objects, as well as for determining their range, speed and geometric parameters. Uses a radar method based on the emission of radio waves and recording their reflections from objects. The English term appeared in 1941 as a sound abbreviation (English RADAR), subsequently becoming an independent word.

Story

During Operation Bruneval Conducted by British commandos in February 1942 on the French coast in the province of Seine-Maritime (Haute-Normandy), the secret of German radars was revealed. To jam radars, the Allies used transmitters that emitted interference in a certain frequency band with an average frequency of 560 megahertz. At first, bombers were equipped with such transmitters. When German pilots learned to guide fighters to jamming signals, as if to radio beacons, huge American Tuba transmitters were placed along the southern coast of England ( Project Tuba), developed in radio laboratory at Harvard University. Their powerful signals blinded German fighters in Europe, and Allied bombers, having gotten rid of their pursuers, calmly flew home across the English Channel.

IN THE USSR

In the Soviet Union, awareness of the need for aircraft detection means free from the disadvantages of sound and optical surveillance led to the development of research in the field of radar. The idea proposed by the young artilleryman Pavel Oshchepkov received the approval of the high command: the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR K. E. Voroshilov and his deputy, M. N. Tukhachevsky.

In 1946, American experts Raymond and Hacherton wrote: “Soviet scientists successfully developed the theory of radar several years before radar was invented in England.”

Much attention in the air defense system is paid to solving the problem of timely detection of low-flying air targets (English).

Classification

According to the scope of application there are:

  • military radars;
  • civil radars.

By purpose:

  • detection radar;
  • Control and tracking radar;
  • panoramic radars;
  • Side-view radar;
  • Terrain-following radar
  • weather radars;
  • Target designation radar;
  • Situation overview radar.

By the nature of the carrier:

  • coastal radars;
  • maritime radars;
  • airborne radars;
  • mobile radars.

According to the nature of the received signal:

By method of action:

  • over-horizon radar;

By wave range:

  • meter;
  • decimeter;
  • centimeter;
  • millimeter.

Primary radar

Primary (passive response) radar primarily serves to detect targets by irradiating them with an electromagnetic wave and then receiving reflections (echoes) from the target. Since the speed of electromagnetic waves is constant (the speed of light), it becomes possible to determine the distance to the target based on the measurement of various parameters as the signal propagates.

A radar station is based on three components: transmitter, antenna and receiver.

Transmitter(transmitting device) is the source of the electromagnetic signal. It can be a powerful pulse generator. For centimeter range pulsed radars, it is usually a magnetron or a pulse generator operating according to the following scheme: the master oscillator is a powerful amplifier, most often using a traveling wave tube (TWT) as a generator, and for meter range radars a triode lamp is often used. Radars that use magnetrons are incoherent or pseudo-coherent, unlike TWT-based radars. Depending on the method of measuring range, the transmitter operates either in pulse mode, generating repeating short powerful electromagnetic pulses, or emits a continuous electromagnetic signal.

Antenna carries out the emission of the transmitter signal in a given direction and the reception of the signal reflected from the target. Depending on the implementation, the reflected signal can be received either by the same antenna or by another, which can sometimes be located at a considerable distance from the transmitting one. If transmission and reception are combined in one antenna, these two actions are performed alternately, and to prevent the transmitter’s powerful signal from leaking into the receiver, a special device is placed in front of the receiver to close the receiver input at the moment the probing signal is emitted.

Receiver(receiving device) performs amplification and processing of the received signal. In the simplest case, the resulting signal is fed to a beam tube (screen), which displays an image synchronized with the movement of the antenna.

Different radars are based on different methods for measuring the parameters of the reflected signal.

Frequency method

The frequency method of ranging is based on the use of frequency modulation of emitted continuous signals. In the classical implementation of this method (chirp), over a half-cycle the frequency changes linearly from f1 to f2. Due to the delay in signal propagation, the difference in frequencies of the emitted and received signals is directly proportional to the propagation time. By measuring it and knowing the parameters of the emitted signal, you can determine the range to the target.

Advantages:

  • allows you to measure very short ranges;
  • a low-power transmitter is used.

Flaws:

  • two antennas are required;
  • deterioration in the sensitivity of the receiver due to leakage through the antenna into the receiving path of the transmitter radiation, subject to random changes;
  • high requirements for linearity of frequency changes.

Phase method

The phase (coherent) radar method is based on isolating and analyzing the phase difference between the sent and reflected signals, which arises due to the Doppler effect when the signal is reflected from a moving object. In this case, the transmitting device can operate both continuously and in pulse mode. The main advantage of this method is that it “allows you to observe only moving objects, and this eliminates interference from stationary objects located between the receiving equipment and the target or behind it.”

Since ultrashort waves are used, the unambiguous range of range measurement is on the order of several meters. Therefore, in practice, more complex circuits are used, in which two or more frequencies are present.

Advantages:

  • low-power radiation, as undamped oscillations are generated;
  • accuracy does not depend on the Doppler frequency shift of the reflection;
  • a fairly simple device.

Flaws:

  • lack of range resolution;
  • deterioration in the sensitivity of the receiver due to penetration through the antenna into the receiving path of the transmitter radiation, subject to random changes.

Pulse method

Modern tracking radars are built as pulse radars. Pulse radar transmits the transmit signal only for a very short time, in a short pulse (usually about a microsecond), after which it goes into receive mode and listens for the echo reflected from the target while the radiated pulse propagates through space.

Since the pulse travels far from the radar at a constant speed, there is a direct relationship between the time elapsed from the moment the pulse is sent until the echo response is received and the distance to the target. The next pulse can be sent only after some time, namely after the pulse comes back (this depends on the radar detection range, transmitter power, antenna gain, receiver sensitivity). If the pulse is sent earlier, the echo of the previous pulse from a distant target may be confused with the echo of a second pulse from a close target. The time interval between pulses is called pulse repetition interval(English) Pulse Repetition Interval, PRI), its inverse is an important parameter called pulse repetition rate(ChPI, English) Pulse Repetition Frequency, PRF). Long-range low-frequency radars typically have a repetition interval of several hundred pulses per second. The pulse repetition rate is one of the distinctive features by which remote determination of the radar model is possible.

Advantages of the pulse range measurement method:

  • the ability to build a radar with one antenna;
  • simplicity of the indicator device;
  • Convenience of measuring the range of several targets;
  • simplicity of emitted pulses, lasting a very short time, and received signals.

Flaws:

  • the need to use high transmitter pulse powers;
  • inability to measure short ranges;
  • large dead zone.

Removing Passive Interference

One of the main problems of pulse radars is getting rid of the signal reflected from stationary objects: the earth's surface, high hills, etc. If, for example, an airplane is located against the backdrop of a high hill, the reflected signal from this hill will completely block the signal from the airplane. For ground-based radars, this problem manifests itself when working with low-flying objects. For airborne pulse radars, it is expressed in the fact that reflection from the earth's surface obscures all objects lying below the aircraft with the radar.

Methods for eliminating interference use, one way or another, the Doppler effect (the frequency of a wave reflected from an approaching object increases, and from a departing object it decreases).

The simplest radar that can detect a target in interference is radar with moving target selection(PDS) - a pulse radar that compares reflections from more than two or more pulse repetition intervals. Any target that moves relative to the radar produces a change in the signal parameter (stage in the serial SDS), while the interference remains unchanged. Elimination of interference occurs by subtracting reflections from two consecutive intervals. In practice, noise elimination can be carried out in special devices - through-period compensators or algorithms in software.

A fatal drawback of SDCs operating with constant PRF is the inability to detect targets with specific circular velocities (targets that produce phase changes of exactly 360 degrees). The speed at which a target becomes invisible to the radar depends on the station's operating frequency and PRF. To eliminate the shortcoming, modern SDCs emit several pulses with different PRFs. PRFs are selected in such a way that the number of “invisible” speeds is minimal.

Pulse-Doppler radars, unlike radars with SDC, they use a different, more complex method of getting rid of interference. The received signal, containing information about targets and interference, is transmitted to the input of the Doppler filter block. Each filter passes a signal of a certain frequency. At the output of the filters, derivatives of the signals are calculated. The method helps to find targets with given speeds, can be implemented in hardware or software, and does not allow (without modifications) to determine distances to targets. To determine distances to targets, you can divide the pulse repetition interval into segments (called range segments) and apply a signal to the input of the Doppler filter bank during this range segment. It is possible to calculate the distance only with multiple repetitions of pulses at different frequencies (the target appears at different range segments at different PRFs).

An important property of pulse-Doppler radars is signal coherence, the phase dependence of sent and received (reflected) signals.

Pulse-Doppler radars, in contrast to radars with SDC, are more successful in detecting low-flying targets. On modern fighters, these radars are used for airborne interception and fire control (AN/APG-63, 65, 66, 67 and 70 radars). Modern implementations are mainly software: the signal is digitized and sent to a separate processor for processing. Often a digital signal is converted into a form suitable for other algorithms using a fast Fourier transform. Using software implementation compared to hardware has a number of advantages:

  • the ability to select algorithms from among those available;
  • the ability to change algorithm parameters;
  • the ability to add/change algorithms (by changing the firmware).

The listed advantages, along with the ability to store data in ROM) allow, if necessary, to quickly adapt to the technique of jamming the enemy.

Elimination of active interference

The most effective method of combating active interference is the use of a digital antenna array in the radar, which allows the formation of dips in the radiation pattern in the directions of the jammers. . .

Secondary radar

Secondary radar is used in aviation for identification. The main feature is the use of an active transponder on aircraft.

The operating principle of the secondary radar is somewhat different from that of the primary radar. The Secondary Radar Station is based on the following components: transmitter, antenna, azimuth marker generators, receiver, signal processor, indicator and aircraft transponder with antenna.

Transmitter serves to generate request pulses in the antenna at a frequency of 1030 MHz.

Antenna serves to emit request pulses and receive the reflected signal. According to ICAO standards for secondary radar, the antenna emits at 1030 MHz and receives at 1090 MHz.

Azimuth marker generators serve to generate azimuth marks(eng. Azimuth Change Pulse, ACP) and North marks(eng. Azimuth Reference Pulse, ARP). For one rotation of the radar antenna, 4096 low azimuth marks (for older systems) or 16384 improved low azimuth marks (English) are generated. Improved Azimuth Change pulse, IACP- for new systems), as well as one North mark. The north mark comes from the azimuth mark generator when the antenna is in such a position when it is directed to the North, and small azimuth marks are used to count the antenna rotation angle.

Receiver serves to receive pulses at a frequency of 1090 MHz.

Signal processor serves to process received signals.

Indicator serves to display processed information.

Aircraft transponder with antenna serves to transmit a pulse radio signal containing additional information back to the radar upon request.

The principle of operation of the secondary radar is to use the energy of the aircraft transponder to determine the position of the aircraft. The radar irradiates the surrounding space with interrogation pulses P1 and P3, as well as a suppression pulse P2 at a frequency of 1030 MHz. Aircraft equipped with transponders located in the range of the interrogation beam, upon receiving interrogation pulses, if the condition P1, P3> P2 is in effect, respond to the requesting radar with a series of coded pulses at a frequency of 1090 MHz, which contain additional information about the aircraft number, altitude, and so on . The response of the aircraft transponder depends on the radar request mode, and the request mode is determined by the time interval between the request pulses P1 and P3, for example, in request mode A (mode A), the time interval between the station request pulses P1 and P3 is 8 microseconds and upon receiving such a request the transponder aircraft encodes its aircraft number in response pulses.

In request mode C (mode C), the time interval between station request pulses is 21 microseconds and upon receipt of such a request, the aircraft transponder encodes its altitude in the response pulses. The radar can also send a request in a mixed mode, for example, Mode A, Mode C, Mode A, Mode C. The azimuth of the aircraft is determined by the angle of rotation of the antenna, which, in turn, is determined by calculating small azimuth marks.

The range is determined by the delay of the received response. If the aircraft is in the range of the side lobes, and not the main beam, or is located behind the antenna, then the aircraft transponder, when receiving a request from the radar, will receive at its input the condition that pulses P1, P3

The signal received from the transponder is processed by the radar receiver, then goes to the signal processor, which processes the signals and provides information to the end user and (or) to the control indicator.

Pros of a secondary radar:

  • higher accuracy;
  • additional information about the aircraft (board number, altitude);
  • low radiation power compared to primary radars;
  • long detection range.

Radar ranges

Designation
/ITU		 Etymology Frequencies Wavelength Notes
HF English high frequency 3-30 MHz 10-100 m Coast Guard radars, “over-the-horizon” radars
P English previous < 300 МГц > 1 m Used in early radars
VHF English very high frequency 50-330 MHz 0.9-6 m Long range detection, Earth exploration
UHF English ultra high frequency 300-1000 MHz 0.3-1 m Detection at long ranges (for example, artillery shelling), exploration of forests, the Earth's surface
L English Long 1-2 GHz 15-30 cm air traffic surveillance and control
S English Short 2-4 GHz 7.5-15 cm air traffic control, meteorology, maritime radar
C English Compromise 4-8 GHz 3.75-7.5 cm meteorology, satellite broadcasting, intermediate range between X and S
X 8-12 GHz 2.5-3.75 cm weapons control, missile guidance, maritime radar, weather, medium resolution mapping; in the USA the 10.525 GHz ± 25 MHz band is used in airport radars
K u English under K 12-18 GHz 1.67-2.5 cm high resolution mapping, satellite altimetry
K German kurz - “short” 18-27 GHz 1.11-1.67 cm use is limited due to strong absorption by water vapor, so the K u and K a ranges are used. K-band is used for cloud detection, in police traffic radars (24.150 ± 0.100 GHz).
K a English above K 27-40 GHz 0.75-1.11 cm Mapping, short range air traffic control, special radars controlling traffic cameras (34.300 ± 0.100 GHz)
mm 40-300 GHz 1-7.5 mm millimeter waves, divided into the following two ranges
V 40-75 GHz 4.0-7.5 mm EHF medical devices used for physiotherapy
W 75-110 GHz 2.7-4.0 mm sensors in experimental automated vehicles, high-precision weather research

Frequency range designations adopted by the US and NATO Armed Forces since

Designation Frequencies, MHz Wavelength, cm Examples
A < 100-250 120 - >300 Early warning and air traffic control radars, e.g. Radar 1L13 "NEBO-SV"
B 250 - 500 60 - 120
C 500 −1 000 30 - 60
D 1 000 - 2 000 15 - 30
E 2 000 - 3 000 10 - 15
F 3 000 - 4 000 7.5 - 10
G 4 000 - 6 000 5 - 7.5
H 6 000 - 8 000 3.75 - 5.00
I 8 000 - 10 000 3.00 - 3.75 Airborne multifunctional radars (BRLS)
J 10 000 - 20 000 1.50 - 3.00 Target guidance and illumination radar (RPN), e.g. 30N6, 9S32
K 20 000 - 40 000 0.75 - 1.50
L 40 000 - 60 000 0.50 - 0.75
M 60 000-100 000 0.30 - 0.50

see also

Radar station on Wikimedia Commons
Radar station in Wikinews
  • Three-dimensional radar

Notes

  1. radio detection and ranging (undefined) . TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
  2. Translation Bureau. Radar definition (undefined) . Public Works and Government Services Canada (2013). Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  3. McGraw-Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms / Daniel N. Lapedes, editor in chief. Lapedes, Daniel N. New York; Montreal: McGraw-Hill, 1976. , 1634, A26 p.
  4. , With. 13.
  5. Angela Hind. "Briefcase "that changed the world"" (undefined) . BBC News (5 February 2007).
  6. Jamming Enemies Radar His Objective. Millennium Project, University of Michigan
  7. Scientific and educational website “Young Science” - “Experimentus Crucis” by Professor Oshchepkov
  8. Handbook of radio-electronic systems / ed. B.V. Krivitsky. - M.: Energy, 1979. - T. 2. - P. 75-206. - 368 p.
  9. , With. 15-17.

    Modern radar based on phased array antennas (PAR) Radar station (radar) or radar (English radar from Radio Detection and Ranging radio detection and ranging) system for detecting air, sea and ground objects, ... ... Wikipedia

    This term has other meanings, see Voronezh (meanings). 77YA6 Voronezh M/DM radar Voronezh M (Lekhtusi) Purpose stationary over-the-horizon early warning radar of a warning system ... Wikipedia

    - (radar) radar, radar, device for monitoring various objects (targets) using radar methods (See Radar). The main nodes of the radar are transmitting and receiving devices, located at one point (the so-called combined radar) or in ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

    Radar P 18 1RL131 (“Terek”) mobile two-dimensional radar station of the meter wave range. The prototype of the P 18 radar is the P 12NA radar, which is a modernized version of the P 12 (Yenisei) aircraft early warning radar.... ... Wikipedia

    - ... Wikipedia

    This term has other meanings, see Danube (meanings). Danube ... Wikipedia

    Coordinates: 56° N. w. 37° east d. / 56.1733° n. w. 37.7691° E. d. (G) ... Wikipedia

    This term has other meanings, see Voronezh (meanings). 77Y6 Voronezh M/DM ... Wikipedia

    Basic information Radar type Country ... Wikipedia

    - (early warning system) is designed to detect an attack using missile weapons before the missiles reach their targets. It consists of two echelons of ground-based radars and an orbital constellation of early warning system satellites. Contents 1... ...Wikipedia

    Tupolev Tu-128- Flight specifications Engine Aircraft artillery weapons Aircraft weapons Classifiers Facts Use in foreign air forces Modifications Gallery ... Military encyclopedia

The rapid development of offensive weapons places increased demands on the tactical and technical parameters of means of warning of possible aggression. The Daryal radar (radar station) has been an important element of such systems for almost two decades.

On the brink

In 1960, the United States launched a program to deploy the latest intercontinental ballistic missiles, Minuteman 1, capable of launching a few seconds after receiving the appropriate command. The tactics of waging a possible Third World War have changed; the main role in delivering the decisive blow now belonged not to military strategic aviation, but to rocket launchers. In the mid-1960s, the United States had a seventeen-fold superiority in more advanced means of delivering nuclear warheads, which made it possible to destroy the entire atomic potential of the Soviet Union in one salvo.

To provide advance warning of an upcoming attack in the USSR, back in 1960, a special missile attack warning system (MAWS) began to be created.

Convincing argument

It is noteworthy that some military officials could not fully understand the importance of the projected system, calling it a waste of government resources on equipment that does not damage the enemy or shoot down his missiles. At one of the decisive meetings of the Military-Industrial Commission, in response to another critical statement, academician, lieutenant general, engineer A. N. Shchukin quoted lines from Pushkin’s “The Tale of the Golden Cockerel” - those where “The faithful watchman will wake up, turn around and scream. ..". The literary example influenced the skeptics and, according to 1962, the implementation of a project to create a complex for the early detection of attacking missiles began. The first generation of the Dnestr radar and its modified version, the Dnepr, had lost their relevance even before being put into service. They were unable to control missiles with small multiple warheads created by a potential enemy.

All-seeing eye

In 1966, work began at the Radio Engineering Institute to create a fundamentally new radar with enormous radiation power - the Daryal radar, capable of detecting an object the size of a soccer ball at a distance of 6 thousand km. Viktor Ivantsov was appointed chief designer.

The first construction of the Daryal radar was supposed to be built in the most missile-dangerous direction. More than a third of all intercontinental missiles in the US arsenal were aimed at the capital of the Soviet Union - Moscow - and the central regions of the country, with a flight path through the North Pole. Preliminary calculations by experts have shown that the station needs to be located as far north as possible (roughly in the area of ​​Franz Josef Land), but such large-scale construction in harsh Arctic conditions is fraught with enormous difficulties. It was decided to build a station on the mainland.

Radar "Daryal". Komi ASSR

An area near the city of Pechora, just 200 km from the Arctic Circle, was chosen for deployment. Due to the huge power consumption of the equipment, the project began simultaneously with the construction of the Pechora State District Power Plant in 1974. The Daryal radar is based on a huge complex of equipment consisting of more than 4 thousand units of electronic radio equipment. The high-rise buildings of the receiving (100 m) and transmitting (40 m) antennas are spaced at a certain distance, adjusted to the nearest millimeter. The power and water consumption of the station were equivalent to the needs of an average city with a population of 100 thousand people. The pulse power of the Daryal radar (Pechora, according to NATO classification) at its peak exceeded 370 MW.

A special robotic complex is provided for servicing and replacing radio element units of a phased array antenna (PAR) during operation. The basis of the station's computing system is a microprocessor vector-parallel computer capable of performing more than 5 million operations per second.

First on duty

The Pechora radar "Daryal" was put into service in January 1984, having successfully passed a series of tests. The builders and engineering personnel managed to meet the deadlines, despite the abundance of natural and technical difficulties.

So, when pouring the foundation slab, frost suddenly struck. Russian ingenuity helped prevent the concrete from freezing - the mixture was heated with homemade electrodes, applying electrical voltage to them.

Another emergency occurred during commissioning work. The radio-transparent shelter of the transmitting center caught fire. Due to the lack of standard fire extinguishing equipment, more than 80% of the surface burned out. Having mobilized all possible reserves, within two months the manufacturing plant in Syzran produced a new canvas (it would have taken at least a year to create it normally), and in the shortest possible time the consequences of the fire were eliminated. For reference: taking into account the incident, a shelter made of non-combustible material was developed for subsequent radars of the project.

On space patrol

The first of the project to go on combat duty was the Daryal (Pechora) radar. The photo of the structure gives a clear idea of ​​the scale of the work performed. In total, six more similar nodes had to be built, located along the perimeter of the country, closing the territory into an impenetrable radar ring:


The node in Pechora completely controlled the entire northern direction. The second and last project of the first stage, implemented and put into operation, was the station in Azerbaijan.

Guarding the southern borders

Construction of a facility near the village. Kutkashen (after the collapse of the USSR - Gabala) in the Transcaucasian republic began in 1982. The work area covered more than 200 hectares. About 20 thousand military builders were involved. The date the Daryal (Gabala) radar entered combat duty is generally considered to be February 1985, although construction work was completed only three years later. The main design difference of the Gabala node is the absence of a computer system. The obtained observation data was transmitted to the information processing centers "Schwertbot" and "Kvadrat", located in the Moscow region.

The station completely controlled the southern strategic direction, covering the lands of Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, North Africa, Pakistan and India, most of the Indian Ocean, including the coast of Australia. The radar station in Gabala confirmed its technical excellence during the Iran-Iraq conflict by regularly recording all combat launches of Iraqi Scud missiles (139 units) and during Operation Desert Storm (302 launches).

After the collapse, the agreements concluded between the governments of the Russian Federation and Azerbaijan allowed the node in the southern part of the Caucasus Range to regularly carry out military service until 2012, when the station was withdrawn from the Russian early warning system.

Show in Skrunda

In the mid-80s of the last century, 4 km from the town of Skrunda next to the existing Dnepr radar (Skrunda-1 facility), construction began on another Daryal of a standard design. After the construction of the receiving antenna and the delivery of equipment (1990), it was assumed that at the first stage the Dnepr radar would be used as an emitter. But after the Baltic republics gained independence, the object became the property of Latvia. The efforts of the Russian side aimed at preserving the radar did not bring positive results, and in 1994, Russian military personnel left the station.

A year later, the receiving antenna was destroyed by employees of the American company. Foreign experts showed the Latvians a real show. Before the explosion, they set off colorful fireworks across the entire height of the building, and after the main charges went off, the structure collapsed like a knocked down giant.

The mystery of the Krasnoyarsk radar station

According to the assurances of former builders and employees of the Yeniseisk-15 node, this station had such radiation power, the energy of which could disable the electronics of the navigation system of a ballistic missile. Whether this is so is now impossible to find out. To please the former potential enemy, and in the early 90s strategic partner - the United States, the almost ready-made Daryal-type radar was dismantled. The formal reason was that the placement of the station contradicts the provisions of the ABM treaty.

The destruction of the city-forming enterprise resulted in the village of Yeniseisk-15. More than a thousand people were left without work and livelihoods, literally abandoned by the state to their fate. Perhaps in the future, descendants will find the answer to the question of who was bothered by the Krasnoyarsk Daryal radar. A photo of the remains of a grandiose structure in the heart of the Siberian taiga will be a good indictment document.

Irkutsk, Kazakhstan, Ukraine

The station in the Irkutsk region was put into operation in 1992, but two years later the facility was mothballed. Since 1999, the site has been used by civilian agencies to study the upper atmosphere. Six years ago, the structure was dismantled, freeing up the site for the construction of the next generation radar.

Daryal, near the city of Balkhash in Eastern Kazakhstan, was handed over to the authorities of a sovereign state in 2002. Two years later, as a result of a major fire, the structure was completely burned out, and subsequently the remains of structural elements and equipment were stolen. The building finally collapsed in 2010.

Facilities near Sevastopol and near Mukachevo (Western Ukraine) were abandoned unfinished and were dismantled in the 2000s.

Russian nuclear shield

The resulting gaps in Russia's missile defense must be completely eliminated by a new generation early warning system based on Voronezh-type radars with high factory readiness. The time and resource costs for the construction of these nodes have been significantly reduced compared to the Daryals, which has made it possible to put into operation seven similar stations in the last decade.

The objects are integrated into the missile defense (BMD) system, and their functions include not only target detection, but also tracking and target designation.

In addition, a mini-radar system has been created as a backup in case of failure of the main stations. This equipment is easily disguised as a simple cargo container and can be located anywhere. The operation of the complex is completely autonomous and automated.

Lieutenant Colonel M. Balinin, Candidate of Technical Sciences;
Senior Lieutenant A. Dalandin

In the USA, to create a continuous radar field for detecting air targets (ATD) over the North American continent and in border areas, long-range air defense (air defense) radar stations are actively used. Ensuring the solution of this task is entrusted to the US-Canadian aerospace defense command of the North American continent (NORAD). It consists of about 120 ground posts equipped with air defense radars, including more than 70 long-range detection (AR), providing round-the-clock control of airspace at an altitude of up to 30 km.

Ground based radars are made in stationary and transportable (mobile) versions. As of the end of 2015, the NORAD system uses stationary radars AN/FPS-117, AN/TPS-77, ARSR-4 and mobile transportable stations AN/TPS-70, -75 and -78 for long-range detection. Further plans include equipping the US Armed Forces with new air defense stations - 3DELLR and the multifunctional AN/TPS-80, as well as modernizing and extending the service life of existing radars.

The most numerous long-range air defense radars in the USA and Canada are AN/FPS-117 and ARSR-4. Deployed along the perimeter of the continental United States (ARSR-4), in the northern regions of the United States and Canada (AN/FPS-117), they protect important military, administrative installations and infrastructure elements of the United States and Canada from air strikes.

Posts on the northern Canadian border are included in the Northern Warning System (NWS - North American Northern Warning System) NORAD. In the intervals between the long-range detection radars, AN/FPS-124 low-flying target detection stations are deployed, which makes it possible to create a continuous detection zone, including cruise missiles, at all altitude levels.

The AN/FPS-117 station is a stationary three-dimensional long-range air defense radar. It was developed by Lockheed Martin specialists on the basis of the AN/TPS-59 station, which is in service with the US Marine Corps.

Radars of the AN/FPS-117 family are distinguished by increased radiation power, different linear dimensions of the phased array, as well as expanded capabilities for detecting tactical and operational-tactical missiles.

Air defense posts equipped with the AN/FPS-117 station have been operating around the clock since the mid-1980s. They are located along the perimeter of the continental United States, northern Canada, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. These posts provide automatic detection and tracking of air targets at a range of up to 470 km. Due to difficult access to the equipment of stations deployed in remote northern regions, they are designed in a low-maintenance version with remote control and monitoring.

As part of the EPRP (Essential Parts Replacement Program) program to improve the equipment and software of air defense posts, it is planned to complete the modernization of all 29 AN/FPS-117 stations in 2015 (15 in Alaska, 11 in Canada, one each in the Hawaiian Islands). wah, in Puerto Rico and Utah). This will extend their service life until 2025, as well as expand their capabilities for detecting CCs. The contract, worth more than $46 million, concluded with Lockheed Martin, provides for the replacement of frequency generators and voltage stabilizers, power supplies for remote control system elements, air condition displays, temperature and humidity sensors, as well as other hardware units and station components . Along with this, it is planned to replace the radar interrogators of the state identification system “friend or foe” with new ones. The upgraded radars will have a high level of reliability and increased time between failures.

In the United States, work is also underway to further modernize the AN/TPS-59 radar, on the basis of which the AN/FPS-117 station was created, in the direction of improving its capabilities in the interests of missile defense. Thus, in 2014, Lockheed Martin entered into a contract with the US Armed Forces in the amount of $35.7 million for the production and delivery by mid-2017 of several sets of an improved version - AN/TPS-59A(V)3 - to Marine Expeditionary Units by mid-2017.

Station AN/TPS-77 is an upgraded mobile (transportable) version of the AN/FPS-117 radar. In contrast, this station is equipped with a phased array antenna (PAR) of a smaller area (27.1 m 2), has a reduced average power consumption (3.6 kW) and an increased rate of space viewing (up to 12 rpm). Two such stations were deployed in 2008 in the mountainous part of Alaska to create a continuous detection zone over its territory. Due to the harsh climate conditions, they are also made in a low-maintenance version. AN/TPS-77 stations of various versions are in service with Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Latvia, Estonia, the Republic of Korea and a number of other countries.

Mobile version of the AN/TPS-77 MRR radar differs from the basic one (AN/TPS-77) by half the phased array aperture area (12.9 m2), higher rotation speed (15 rpm) and shorter detection range (185 km).

In the early 1990s, when deployed early warning stations provided radar air coverage for the northern borders of the United States and Canada, the need arose to provide air defense along the perimeter of the continent. For this purpose, from 1992 to 1995, 44 ARSR-4 radars (military classification - AN/FPS-130) produced by the American company Northrop-Grumman were deployed.

Station ARSR-4 designed for long-range (up to 450 km) detection of up to 800 aircraft, including cruise missiles, as well as for determining their coordinates at low and extremely low altitudes. All stations are placed on truss supports with an antenna under a radio-transparent dome (diameter 18 m) for protection from wind and precipitation. The antenna in the form of a truncated parabolic reflector with an offset feed provides visibility due to electronic scanning of the beam pattern in elevation and circular - by mechanical rotation of the slewing device in azimuth.

Table 1 Main performance characteristics of American VTs early warning radars
Characteristics AN/TPS-59(V)3 AN/FPS-117 AN/TPS-77 AN/TPS-77 MRR ARSR-4
CC detection range, km Up to 740 470 470 463 450
Number of simultaneously accompanied CCs 500 800 100 100 800
Frequency range, MHz 1215-1400
Viewing area, degrees: in azimuth 360 360 360 360 360
by elevation -2 to +20 -6 to +20 -6 to +20 -0 to +30 7-30
Resolution: by range, m 60 50 50 50 232
in azimuth, deg 3,4 0,18 0,25 0,25 1,5

Dual (military and civilian) stations ARSR-4 carry out two-way exchange and transmission of data in the interests of the NORAD command and the unified air defense airspace surveillance system - JSS (JSS - Joint Surveillance System). Their operation and maintenance is carried out by the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA - Federal Aviation Administration).

Current plans provide for the use of ARSR-4 stations in the air defense/air traffic control network until 2025.

In the coming years, it is planned to begin re-equipping the country's armed forces with two new VTs long-range air defense radars - 3DELLR and AN/TPS-80.

In the US Air Force, the main ground mobile early warning radar (AWACS) is the AN/TPS-75 tactical aviation control station (TAC). According to American experts, over 30 years of operation, these mobile radars have shown high efficiency in detecting and identifying CCs of various classes. High mobility and speed of deployment to unprepared positions allows them to be regularly involved in various activities to ensure airspace safety. In recent years, the stations have been actively used after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, during the preparation and holding of the Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City and the G8 summit of heads of state in Canada.

Stations AN/TPS-70, -75 and -78, which are in service with UTA squadrons (ACS-Air Control Squadron), are capable of solving OTC tasks (up to 440 km), determining their coordinates and simultaneously tracking up to 1000 targets. It is also possible to deploy them in a stationary version on supports of a truss structure up to 30 m high. The station’s equipment ensures the issuance of target designations to Patriot anti-aircraft missile systems of the PAK-3 modification, as well as operation as part of a single network of posts.

Stations of the AN/TPS-70 family differ in the linear dimensions of flat slot phased arrays, the number and parameters of the generated beams of the radiation pattern, the rate of space survey, as well as fixed sets of basic values ​​of radiation parameters - the duration and repetition periods of pulses.

In the future, all UTA stations will be replaced by a promising new generation air defense radar - 3DELRR (Three-Dimensional Expeditionary Long-Range Radar) from Raytheon. By the end of 2018, the contract is scheduled to deliver the first three of 35 stations to the US Air Force in the amount of $1.3 billion. The cost of designing, developing and creating the first three samples will be $70 million.

The need to replace outdated AN/TPS-75 stations, according to American experts, is caused by their insufficient capabilities to detect modern small-sized and highly maneuverable aerodynamic targets with a small effective dispersion area (RCS), including those made using stealth technology, as well as their low reliability (short time between failures) and complexity of repairs.

Three-dimensional radar 3DELRR designed to detect, identify and track ballistic and aerodynamic targets at a range of up to. 450 km, as well as for controlling tactical aviation and air traffic. It, like the Patriot air defense system radar, should operate in the frequency range 4-6 GHz (C-band), which, according to Raytheon specialists, is the least loaded compared to the 2-4 GHz range (S-band) and will create fewer electromagnetic compatibility problems for potential foreign buyers.

The main advantage of the new radar is the use of modern elements based on gallium nitride (GaN) in the manufacture of AFAR transceiver modules (RPM). This allows you to significantly increase the capabilities for detecting targets and the speed of processing data about them, with smaller antenna sizes and power consumption compared to PPM based on gallium arsenide.

Since 2003, work has been underway to create the AN/TPS-80G/ATOR (Ground/Air Task Oriented Radar) radar for expeditionary forces of the US Marine Corps as part of the MRRS (Multi-Role Radar System) project. It is intended to become a key information component of air defense for amphibious assault in the coastal zone on enemy territory. According to the list of requirements for the new radar developed by the MP command, it must provide protection for the ground group from air, missile and artillery strikes. At the same time, the radar complex (GWLR - Ground Weapons Locating Radar), through the use of modern AFAR and special software, will be able to solve counter-battery warfare tasks, including the simultaneous operation of several stations as part of a single network.

New multifunctional transportable station AN/TPS-80 designed to detect, recognize, classify and determine the coordinates of computer centers, including small-sized ones (cruise missiles, UAVs), firing positions of enemy artillery and solving ATC problems. At the same time, the counter-battery warfare subsystem (CBS) must ensure detection, pinpointing and determination of the coordinates of batteries of multiple launch rocket systems, mortar and artillery positions of the enemy at a distance of up to 70 km, identify locations of ammunition drops and adjust the fire of its artillery with data transmission via communication channels of a modern automated control system fire from field artillery AFATDS (Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System).

The new three-coordinate station is pulse-Doppler, equipped with AFAR and operates in the 10-cm wavelength range. It will replace five radars for various purposes currently in service with the Marine Corps: AN/UPS-3, AN/MPQ-62 and AN/TPS-63 (air defense); AN/TPQ-46 - KBB; AN/TPS-73 - air traffic control. According to expert estimates, in terms of detection and target designation range of one station, G/ATOR will completely cover all specified stations when deployed in one area.

Since 2010, factory and field tests of the complex have been carried out. The first batch of four AN/TPS-80 radars will be delivered to the US Marine Corps by 2016 by Northrop-Grumman under a contract worth $207 million. At the same time, its terms provide for a possible increase in the order volume and amount to 2 billion, as well as further maintenance of the radar, software support and training of specialists in this profile.

Thus, in the United States, work is being carried out to modernize existing and replace outdated ground-based radar reconnaissance systems for air targets with new radars* Particular attention is paid to the following issues: versatility, ensuring high performance in detection range, mobility, secrecy of operation, noise immunity, reliability and maintainability in field conditions . Their solution is achieved through the use of modern element base and modular design. In general, the adoption of new radars will improve the effectiveness of air and missile defense in the United States and remote theaters of operations.

Loading...Loading...